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      New or little-known Boreoheptagyia (Diptera, Chironomidae) in China inferred from morphology and DNA barcodes

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          Abstract

          The male adult of Boreoheptagyia zhengi Lin & Liu, sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on material collected in China. Associated morphological characteristics and reference to its DNA barcode are provided. Boreoheptagyia kurobebrevis (Sasa & Okazawa, 1992) is newly recorded from China based on both a male and female, with additional associated data on the DNA barcode of the male adult. A neighbor-joining tree based on available Boreoheptagyia DNA barcodes and a key to the adults of Boreoheptagyia from China are given.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput.

            We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log-expectation score, and refinement using tree-dependent restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T-Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest, rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable from T-Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
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              Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.

              Although much biological research depends upon species diagnoses, taxonomic expertise is collapsing. We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon 'barcodes'. We establish that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) can serve as the core of a global bioidentification system for animals. First, we demonstrate that COI profiles, derived from the low-density sampling of higher taxonomic categories, ordinarily assign newly analysed taxa to the appropriate phylum or order. Second, we demonstrate that species-level assignments can be obtained by creating comprehensive COI profiles. A model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. When fully developed, a COI identification system will provide a reliable, cost-effective and accessible solution to the current problem of species identification. Its assembly will also generate important new insights into the diversification of life and the rules of molecular evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Writing - review and editing
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Project administration
                Role: Formal analysis
                Role: Writing - original draft
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2021
                28 May 2021
                : 1040
                : 187-200
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China Nankai University Tianjin China
                [2 ] Center of Animal husbandry and Fisheries, Bijiang Agriculture and Rural affairs Bureau, Tongren, Guizhou, 554300, China Center of Animal husbandry and Fisheries, Bijiang Agriculture and Rural affairs Bureau Guizhou China
                [3 ] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China Tianjin Normal University Tianjin China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Wen-Bin Liu ( skylwb@ 123456tjnu.edu.cn )

                Academic editor: F.L. da Silva

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-6204
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2460-3805
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-0692
                Article
                66527
                10.3897/zookeys.1040.66527
                8178290
                34135660
                477d25cc-8e48-473c-9b23-7d0b08200328
                Xiao-Long Lin, Hai-Jun Yu, Xin-Hua Wang, Wen-Jun Bu, Chun-Cai Yan, Wen-Bin Liu

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 26 March 2021
                : 07 May 2021
                Funding
                Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31900344, 31801994, 31672264, 31672324), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2018M640227) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (18JCQNJC14700, 18JCYBJC96100, 20JCQNJC00420) is acknowledged with thanks.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Chironomidae
                Diptera
                Insecta
                Systematics
                Cenozoic
                Asia
                China Seas
                Far East

                Animal science & Zoology
                coi, diamesinae ,integrative taxonomy,new species,non-biting midges
                Animal science & Zoology
                coi, diamesinae , integrative taxonomy, new species, non-biting midges

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