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      Pré-eclâmpsia (indicador de doença renal crônica): da gênese aos riscos futuros Translated title: Preeclampsia (marker of chronic kidney disease): from genesis to future risks

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          Abstract

          A pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma doença específica da gestação que, somada às demais desordens hipertensivas, constitui importante causa de morbimortalidade materna e perinatal. Tem incidência estimada de 3 a 14% entre todas as gestações e pode manifestar-se de diferentes formas clínicas. A PE e a doença cardiovascular (DCV) possuem mecanismos fisiopatológicos semelhantes, como disfunção endotelial, alteração metabólica e estresse oxidativo, assim como também compartilham alguns fatores de risco como obesidade, doença renal e diabetes. A exata relação entre PE e risco cardiovascular ainda não está totalmente elucidada, talvez o estresse metabólico desencadeado na PE provoque a lesão vascular que contribui para o desenvolvimento da DCV e/ou da doença renal crônica (DRC) futuramente. Esse risco parece ser ainda maior em mulheres com história de PE recorrente, severa e eclâmpsia. A investigação do antecedente de PE pode auxiliar na avaliação do risco futuro de DCV e DRC, na prevenção e no diagnóstico precoce.

          Translated abstract

          Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disease which, in addition to other hypertensive disorders, is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. With an incidence ranging from 3 to 14% of all pregnancies worldwide, the disease can present in different clinical forms. PE and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, such as endothelial dysfunction, metabolic changes and oxidative stress, and they also share some risk factors such as obesity, kidney disease and diabetes. Although the exact relationship between PE and cardiovascular risk has not been fully elucidated, PE-triggered metabolic stress may cause vascular injury, thus contributing to the development of CVD and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the future. This risk appears to be increased especially in women with a history of recurrent, severe PE and eclampsia. The investigation of a history of PE may assist in assessing the future risk of CVD and CKD, their prevention and early diagnosis.

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          Most cited references74

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          Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome.

          P Catalano (2010)
          There has been a significant increase over the past few decades in the number of reproductive age women who are either overweight or obese. Overweight and obese women are at increased risk for having decreased insulin sensitivity as compared with lean or average weight women. The combination of obesity and decreased insulin sensitivity increases the long-term risk of these individuals developing the metabolic syndrome and associated problems of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disorders. Because of the metabolic alterations during normal pregnancy, particularly the 60% decrease in insulin sensitivity, overweight and obese women are at increased risk of metabolic dysregulation in pregnancy, i.e. gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal overgrowth. Hence, pregnancy can be considered as a metabolic stress test for the future risk of the metabolic syndrome. In this review, we will review the underlying pathophysiology related to these disorders. Most importantly, an understanding of these risks provides an opportunity for prevention. For example, a planned pregnancy offers an opportunity to address weight control prior to conception. At the very least, by avoiding excessive weight gain during pregnancy, this may prevent excessive weight retention post partum. Finally, based on the concept of in utero programming, these lifestyle measures may not only have short- and long-term benefits for the woman but also for her offspring as well.
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            National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy.

            (1990)
            This consensus report focuses the presentation, pathophysiology, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy expanding on recommendations first presented in 1988 by the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Practicing physicians should determine whether a patient's hypertension during pregnancy falls into the classification of (1) chronic hypertension, (2) preeclampsia, (3) preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, or (4) transient hypertension. The distinction, for management considerations, is made between hypertension that is present before pregnancy (chronic and preexisting) and that occurring as part of the pregnancy-specific condition preeclampsia. When maternal blood pressure reaches diastolic levels of 100 mm Hg or greater, treatment should be instituted to avoid hypertensive vascular damage. The report includes a discussion of antihypertensive therapy specific to the chronic or acute hypertension occurring concomitantly with pregnancy. The roles of calcium supplementation and low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia and chronic and transient hypertension are under investigation.
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              Severe preeclampsia-eclampsia in young primigravid women: subsequent pregnancy outcome and remote prognosis.

              The purpose of this report is to compare subsequent pregnancy outcome and incidence of chronic hypertension and diabetes on follow-up in two groups of patients. Group 1 included 406 young women who had severe preeclampsia-eclampsia in their first pregnancies. Group 2 consisted of 409 young, well-matched women who remained normotensive during their first pregnancies. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years (range 2 to 24). The preeclamptic-eclamptic group had a higher incidence of preeclampsia in their second pregnancies (46.8% versus 7.6%, p less than 0.0001) and in subsequent pregnancies (20.7% versus 7.7%, p less than 0.001) when compared with the normotensive group. The overall incidence of chronic hypertension was significantly higher in the preeclamptic-eclamptic group (14.8% versus 5.6%, p less than 0.001). Most of the difference occurred in patients followed up greater than or equal to 10 years. Within the preeclamptic-eclamptic group, patients having preeclampsia-eclampsia at less than or equal to 30 weeks' gestation and those having recurrent preeclampsia in their second pregnancies had a significantly higher incidence of subsequent chronic hypertension (p less than 0.001) than was found in the other patients. Within the normotensive group, patients remaining normotensive in subsequent pregnancies had the lowest incidence of chronic hypertension.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                J. Bras. Nefrol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (São Paulo )
                2175-8239
                March 2012
                : 34
                : 1
                : 87-93
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0101-28002012000100015
                10.1590/S0101-28002012000100015
                47944234-892c-49cb-b575-cbe69aa97a1f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-2800&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                Preeclampsia,Cardiovascular Diseases,Renal Insufficiency,Chronic,Hypertension,Proteinuria,Pré-eclâmpsia,Doenças Cardiovasculares,Insuficiência Renal Crônica,Hipertensão,Proteinúria

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