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      Research methodology topics: Cross-sectional studies Translated title: Tópicos de metodologia de pesquisa: Estudos de corte transversal

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          Abstract

          In health the most frequent researches are done in the form of observational studies. In this type of scientific research the researchers do not interfere with the phenomena under study, only observe in a systematic and standardized manner, collecting and recording information, data or materials that spontaneously occur at a particular time of the health-disease process, or along its natural evolution, and then proceed with its description and/or analysis. In observational studies normally four types of study design are used: case series studies, cross-section studies, case-control studies and cohort studies. Thus, cross-sectional studies are very useful in descriptive studies when used in studies that are proposed to be analytical, the results must be interpreted by researchers with good experience in that specific field of knowledge, using a lot of caution and common sense.

          Translated abstract

          No campo da saúde as pesquisas mais frequentes são feitas na forma de estudos observacionais. Nesse tipo de investigação científica os pesquisadores não interferem nos fenômenos em estudo, apenas os observam de maneira sistemática e padronizada, coletando e registrando informações, dados ou materiais que ocorrem espontaneamente num determinado momento do processo saúde-doença, ou ao longo de sua evolução natural, para posteriormente proceder à sua descrição e/ou análise. Nos Estudos observacionais normalmente quatro tipos de desenho de estudo são passíveis de utilização: estudos de series de casos, estudos de corte transversal. estudos de caso-controle e estudos de coorte. Assim, salienta-se que os estudos de corte transversal têm sua grande utilidade em estudos descritivos ao mesmo tempo que, quando utilizados em estudos que se propõem a serem analíticos, os resultados devem ser interpretados por pesquisadores com boa experiência naquele campo específico de conhecimento, valendo-se de muita cautela e bom senso.

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          Analysis of the cycle of domestic violence against women

          INTRODUCTION: Violence against Women (VAW) has been produced under the hierarchical organization of male dominance in social relations between genders. It is a type of social relationship that is historically bounded, culturally legitimized and cultivated, in which the woman is exposed to objective and subjective aggression, both in public as well as private sectors. The consequences of the violence suffered by women materialize in biological, psychological and social harms that hamper them fully experiencing human and social equalities. The persistence and the multiplicity of forms of expressing violence against women, throughout history, indicate the importance of the theme and the need to investigate how this practice interferes with the process of living, illness and death of the victim. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the cycle of domestic violence against women. METHODS: This is a population-based survey, and cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study, using a quantitative approach. The study was conducted in the city of Joao Pessoa-PB, from August 2013 to December 2015. The population consisted of 424 women over 18 years old, and residing in the city of study. For data collection, two instruments were used: the WHO VAW STUDY and the WHOQOL BREF scale, validated for assessing quality of life. A descriptive analysis was performed, from absolute and relative frequencies for the following variables: sociodemographic; Domestic Violence against Women (DVAW) and QOL, in addition to the average for continuous variables; under CAAE number 20418813.0.0000.5183. RESULTS: The women averaged an overall score of 61.59 for the quality of life index, on a scale from 0 to 100. Regarding scores for each domain, the domain of social relations had the highest average among the domains (69.84), whereas the environment domain had the lowest average (51.03). CONCLUSIONS: Domestic Violence against Women directly and adversely affects the quality of life of the victimized women in numerous aspects, because it interferes with the physical and psychological health of women in society and in their social relations, also bringing consequences for the health system.
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            Characteristics of sleep habits among adolescents living in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)

            INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adult life, characterized by changes in physical, emotional, sexual and social development. Although during this phase most individuals are healthy, it is known that health status is related to behaviors and habits such as a healthy diet, the regular practice of physical activity and good sleep quality, which contribute to optimum physical and cognitive performance. OBJECTIVE: To determine some sleep characteristics of adolescents living in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at 14 schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP) including adolescents aged 10 to 19 years who answered a questionnaire about sleep habits. The chi-square test was used to determine differences between genders with the aid of the EPI-INFO 7 software, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 535 adolescents (65% girls) were included in the study. Of these, 47.7% studied during the morning period and 10.3% had a job and studied in the evening period. Regarding sleep duration, 242 (45%) slept less than 9 hours per night during week days and 256 (48%) during the weekends (Saturday and Sunday), Of the total number of adolescents studied, 75.5% reported that they went to bed when they felt sleepy, 90% reported delay in falling asleep, 84.3% used some type of electronic equipment before going to sleep, and 44% reported that they woke up during the night. In the morning, 70.3% needed to be awakened, and 44.7% reported a delay in waking up. During the daytime, 70% felt somnolent and 34% reported that they slept during the day. Girls reported that they felt more daytime sleepiness (71.3%) and slept more during the day (62.1%) than boys (28.7% and 37.9%, respectively), with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half the adolescents investigated sleep less than the minimum time considered ideal. Furthermore, the most of adolescents went to the bed when they felt sleepy, used electronic devices before to sleep, had difficulties to fall asleep, need to be awake in the morning and felt sleepy during the day. A substantial proportion of adolescents studied awoke at night and slept during the day. Compared to boys, girls felt sleepy and slept during the day significantly.
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              Author and article information

              Contributors
              Role: ND
              Role: ND
              Role: ND
              Journal
              rbcdh
              Journal of Human Growth and Development
              J. Hum. Growth Dev.
              Centro de Estudos de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento do Ser Humano (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
              0104-1282
              2175-3598
              2018
              : 28
              : 3
              : 356-360
              Affiliations
              [01] Santo André SP orgnameCentro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC orgdiv1Laboratório de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Científica Brazil
              Article
              S0104-12822018000300017
              10.7322/jhgd.152198
              47a77bc4-4ecc-45e7-9fe7-3235b85a7ae1

              This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

              History
              : October 2018
              : June 2018
              Page count
              Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 8, Pages: 5
              Product

              SciELO Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia

              Categories
              Original article

              prevalência,prevalence,observational study,cross-sectional studies,study design,desenho dos estudos,estudos transversais,estudo observacional

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