The Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions Using Peanut Shell Biochars Prepared at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures

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Abstract

The pyrolysis temperature strongly affects the properties of the peanut shell biochar, and influences its adsorption behavior and mechanisms for contaminant removal in aqueous solutions. In this study, peanut shells were pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 700 °C to prepare two biochars (PSBC400 and PSBC700), which were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy spectrum analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of typical tetracycline (TC) onto the biochars was investigated, and the potential adsorption mechanisms explored. The results show that compared with PSBC400, PSBC700 has a larger specific surface area and pore volume and contains higher levels of carbon and ash, but shows lower O, N, and H content. The hydrophilicity and polarity of PSBC700 is lower, but its aromaticity is higher. Furthermore, the mineral content of PSBC400 is higher than for PSBC700. The functional groups differ between PSBC400 and PSBC700, especially those containing C and O. The Elovich and two-compartment adsorption kinetic models are a good fit to the TC adsorption processes on both biochars, but the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model provides better results. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of TC onto PSBC700 and PSBC400 are 33.4346 mg·g−1 and 26.4185 mg·g−1, respectively. The main adsorption mechanisms of TC onto PSBC400 are hydrogen bonding and complexation, and are closely related to the functional groups and minerals found in PSBC400. In contrast, the main adsorption mechanisms of TC onto PSBC700 are pore filling and the π–π interaction, and are mainly determined by the surface area and graphited carbon structure of PSBC700. In summary, effective biochar can be manufactured from peanut shell biomass and can be used to remove TC from aqueous solutions.

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Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent--a critical review.

Dinesh Mohan, Ankur Sarswat, Yong Ok … (2014)

Biochar is used for soil conditioning, remediation, carbon sequestration and water remediation. Biochar application to water and wastewater has never been reviewed previously. This review focuses on recent applications of biochars, produced from biomass pyrolysis (slow and fast), in water and wastewater treatment. Slow and fast pyrolysis biochar production is briefly discussed. The literature on sorption of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochars is surveyed and reviewed. Adsorption capacities for organic and inorganic contaminants by different biochars under different operating conditions are summarized and, where possible, compared. Mechanisms responsible for contaminant remediation are briefly discussed. Finally, a few recommendations for further research have been made in the area of biochar development for application to water filtration.

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Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water.

Mahtab Ahmad, Sang Soo Lee, Xiaomin Dou … (2012)

Conversion of crop residues into biochars (BCs) via pyrolysis is beneficial to environment compared to their direct combustion in agricultural field. Biochars developed from soybean stover at 300 and 700 °C (S-BC300 and S-BC700, respectively) and peanut shells at 300 and 700 °C (P-BC300 and P-BC700, respectively) were used for the removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the TCE adsorption was strongly dependent on the BCs properties. Linear relationships were obtained between sorption parameters (K(M) and S(M)) and molar elemental ratios as well as surface area of the BCs. The high adsorption capacity of BCs produced at 700 °C was attributed to their high aromaticity and low polarity. The efficacy of S-BC700 and P-BC700 for removing TCE from water was comparable to that of activated carbon (AC). Pyrolysis temperature influencing the BC properties was a critical factor to assess the removal efficiency of TCE from water. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A review.

Pavla Kovalakova, Leslie Cizmas, Thomas J. McDonald … (2020)

In recent years, antibiotics have been used for human and animal disease treatment, growth promotion, and prophylaxis, and their consumption is rising worldwide. Antibiotics are often not fully metabolized by the body and are released into the aquatic environment, where they may have negative effects on the non-target species. This review examines the recent researches on eight representative antibiotics (erythromycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin). A detailed overview of their concentrations in surface waters, groundwater, and effluents is provided, supported by recent global human consumption and veterinary use data. Furthermore, we review the ecotoxicity of these antibiotics towards different groups of organisms, and assessment of the environmental risks to aquatic organisms. This review discusses and compares the suitability of currently used ecotoxicological bioassays, and identifies the knowledge gaps and future challenges. The risk data indicate that selected antibiotics may pose a threat to aquatic environments. Cyanobacteria were the most sensitive organisms when using standard ecotoxicological bioassays. Further studies on their chronic effects to aquatic organisms and the toxicity of antibiotic mixtures are necessary to fully understand the hazards these antibiotics present.