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      A narrative review of European public awareness initiatives for cardiac arrest

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          Abstract

          A high resuscitation rate can lead to better overall survival after cardiac arrest. In Europe, various campaigns in the field of lay resuscitation are achieving up to a threefold increase in survival. As part of the new Systems Saving Lives (SSL) chapter, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines recommend cardiac awareness campaigns to engage the broader community. It has been noted that countries with high survival rates after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) start education in resuscitation techniques at school age. The ERC 2021 guidelines recommend that all schoolchildren should routinely receive CPR training each year. Since 2015, the KIDS SAVE LIVES statement recommended for two hours of instruction per year in all schools worldwide by age of 12. Cardiac awareness campaigns like World Restart a Heart Day (WRAH) are aimed to raise awareness about resuscitation and to train as many people as possible.

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          Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - Results of the EuReCa TWO study

          Jan-Thorsten Gräsner, Jan Wnent, Johan Herlitz … (2020)
          The epidemiology and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) varies across Europe. Following on from EuReCa ONE, the aim of this study was to further explore the incidence of and outcomes from OHCA in Europe and to improve understanding of the role of the bystander.
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            Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

            Mads Wissenberg, Freddy K Lippert, Fredrik Folke … (2013)
            Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major health problem associated with poor outcomes. Early recognition and intervention are critical for patient survival. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one factor among many associated with improved survival. To examine temporal changes in bystander resuscitation attempts and survival during a 10-year period in which several national initiatives were taken to increase rates of bystander resuscitation and improve advanced care. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for which resuscitation was attempted were identified between 2001 and 2010 in the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Of 29,111 patients with cardiac arrest, we excluded those with presumed noncardiac cause of arrest (n = 7390) and those with cardiac arrests witnessed by emergency medical services personnel (n = 2253), leaving a study population of 19,468 patients. Temporal trends in bystander CPR, bystander defibrillation, 30-day survival, and 1-year survival. The median age of patients was 72 years; 67.4% were men. Bystander CPR increased significantly during the study period, from 21.1% (95% CI, 18.8%-23.4%) in 2001 to 44.9% (95% CI, 42.6%-47.1%) in 2010 (P < .001), whereas use of defibrillation by bystanders remained low (1.1% [95% CI, 0.6%-1.9%] in 2001 to 2.2% [95% CI, 1.5%-2.9%] in 2010; P = .003). More patients achieved survival on hospital arrival (7.9% [95% CI, 6.4%-9.5%] in 2001 to 21.8% [95% CI, 19.8%-23.8%] in 2010; P < .001). Also, 30-day survival improved (3.5% [95% CI, 2.5%-4.5%] in 2001 to 10.8% [95% CI, 9.4%-12.2%] in 2010; P < .001), as did 1-year survival (2.9% [95% CI, 2.0%-3.9%] in 2001 to 10.2% [95% CI, 8.9%-11.6%] in 2010; P < .001). Despite a decrease in the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the study period (40.4 to 34.4 per 100,000 persons in 2001 and 2010, respectively; P = .002), the number of survivors per 100,000 persons increased significantly (P < .001). For the entire study period, bystander CPR was positively associated with 30-day survival, regardless of witnessed status (30-day survival for nonwitnessed cardiac arrest, 4.3% [95% CI, 3.4%-5.2%] with bystander CPR and 1.0% [95% CI, 0.8%-1.3%] without; odds ratio, 4.38 [95% CI, 3.17-6.06]). For witnessed arrest the corresponding values were 19.4% (95% CI, 18.1%-20.7%) vs 6.1% (95% CI, 5.4%-6.7%); odds ratio, 3.74 (95% CI, 3.26-4.28). In Denmark between 2001 and 2010, an increase in survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was significantly associated with a concomitant increase in bystander CPR. Because of the co-occurrence of other related initiatives, a causal relationship remains uncertain.
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              European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe

              Jan-Thorsten Gräsner, Johan Herlitz, Ingvild Tjelmeland … (2021)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lina Horriar
                Nadine Rott
                Federico Semeraro
                Bernd W. Böttiger
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Resusc Plus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Resusc Plus
                Title: Resuscitation Plus
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-5204
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 April 2023
                Publication date Collection: June 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100390
                Affiliations
                [a ]German Resuscitation Council, Prittwitzstraße 43, 89070 Ulm, Germany
                [b ]University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kerpener Straße 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
                [c ]European Resuscitation Council, Niel, Belgium
                [d ]Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and EMS, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. horriar@ 123456grc-org.de
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2666-5204(23)00033-4 Publisher ID: 100390
                DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100390
                PMC ID: 10148222
                PubMed ID: 37128626
                SO-VID: 47bd04c2-e819-47f0-9038-7723cccc3e18
                Copyright © © 2023 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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                Subject: Review

                Keywords: lay resuscitation,kids save lives,bystander cpr,cardiac awareness campaigns,world restart a heart,cardiac arrest
                Data availability:
                Keywords: lay resuscitation, kids save lives, bystander cpr, cardiac awareness campaigns, world restart a heart, cardiac arrest

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