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      Colgajo sural medial en la reconstrucción de miembro inferior Translated title: Retalho sural medial na reconstrução do membro inferior Translated title: Medial sural artery perforator flap in lower extremity reconstruction

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. El colgajo de perforante de arterial medial sural (MSAP- medial sural artery perforator) fue descrito con un refinamiento del colgajo gastrocnemio medial. A pesar de su reciente historia, demuestra ventajas e indicaciones, principalmente en la reconstrucción de miembro inferior. Presentamos una serie retrospectiva de pacientes con defectos de tejidos blandos de miembro inferior reconstruidos con colgajo MSAP. Material y método. Presentamos 10 pacientes operados entre 2013 y 2018, 6 hombres y 4 mujeres, con edades entre los 27 y los 86 años. La principal etiología de los defectos fue traumática. Los defectos localizados entre el tercio distal del muslo y el tercio proximal de la pierna fueron cubiertos con colgajos pediculados, y los defectos distales con colgajos libres. Resultados. Las dimensiones medias de los colgajos fueron 6.35 cm de anchura por 10.9 cm de longitude y 9.9 cm de longitude del pedículo. Todos los colgajos menos 1 fueron elevados con una sola perforante. Excepto 1 caso de pérdida parcial del colgajo, no hubo complicaciones a corto plazo. Dos pacientes precisaron cobertura con injerto del área donante y el resto fueron cerrados directamente. El seguimiento medio fue de 22.8 meses y no hubo complicaciones en el área donante. Obtuvimos un cierre estable y estéticamente acceptable en todos los casos. Conclusiones. El colgajo MSAP es un colgajo fasciocutaneo fino y plegable que provee tejido similar al área del defecto con minima morbilidad del área donante. Sus características menos positivas incluyen una potencialmente laboriosa disección intramuscular y la posibilidad de congestion venosa ocasional. A pesar de ello, los buenos resultados y la satisfacción de los pacientes lo convierte en una elección apropiada en casos seleccionados de reconstrucción del miembro inferior.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução e objetivo. O retalho de perfurante da artéria sural medial foi descrito como um refinamento do retalho de gémeo medial. Apesar da sua história recente, já provou a sua utilidade, nomeadamente na reconstrução do membro inferior. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma análise retrospetiva de casos em que o retalho sural medial foi aplicado no tratamento de defeitos do membro inferior. Método. Apresentamos 10 doentes operados entre 2013 e 2018: 6 homens e 4 mulheres, num intervalo de idades entre os 27 e os 86 anos. A principal etiologia dos defeitos foi traumática. Os defeitos localizados entre o terço distal da coxa e o terço proximal da perna foram reconstruídos com retalhos pediculados, enquanto os defeitos mais distais foram cobertos com retalhos livres. Resultados. As dimensões médias do retalho foram: 6.35 cm de largura, 10.9 cm de comprimento e 9.9 cm de comprimento de pedículo. Com a exceção de um caso, todos os retalhos se basearam numa única perfurante. Para além de uma necrose parcial de um dos retalhos livres, não houve complicações imediatas. Dois doentes necessitaram de enxertos de pele para encerramento da zona dadora, as restantes foram encerradas primariamente. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 22.8 meses, não tendo havido registos de queixas relativas à zona dadora. Foi adquirida uma cobertura estável e esteticamente satisfatória em todos os casos. Conclusão. O retalho sural medial é um retalho fasciocutâneo fino e maleável que proporciona, na reconstrução do membro inferior, uma cobertura like-with-like, com baixa morbilidade da zona dadora. Os aspetos menos positivos incluem uma disseção intramuscular potencialmente laboriosa e, por vezes, congestão venosa. Ainda assim, os bons resultados e a satisfação dos doentes, fazem deste retalho uma escolha acertada em casos selecionados.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. The medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap was first described as a refinement of the medial gastrocnemius flap. Despite its recent history, it has already proven to have several advantages and indications, namely in lower extremity reconstruction. The authors present a retrospective case series with lower limb soft-tissue defects which were reconstructed with the MSAP flap. Methods. Between 2013 and 2018, 10 patients were operated on: 6 men and 4 women, ranging in age from 27 to 86 years. The main etiology of the defects was traumatic injury. The defects located between the distal third of the thigh and the proximal third of the leg were covered with pediculated flaps while the distal defects were covered with free flaps. Results. The mean flap dimensions were 6.35 cm width, 10.9 cm length, and 9.9 cm pedicle length. All flaps except 1 were raised with a single perforator. Apart from 1 case of partial free-flap loss, there were no short-term complications. Two patients required skin grafting of the donor site while the remaining were closed directly. The mean follow-up time was 22.8 months and there were no donor site complaints. A stable and aesthetically satisfactory coverage was obtained in all cases. Conclusions. The MSAP flap is a thin and pliable fasciocutaneous flap that can provide “like-with-like” tissue with minor donor site morbidity in lower limb reconstruction. Less positive characteristics include a potential laborious intramuscular dissection and occasional venous congestion. Still, the good results and satisfaction of the patients make this a wise choice in selected cases.

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          Perforators of the lower leg: analysis of perforator locations and clinical application for pedicled perforator flaps.

          Pedicled perforator flaps in the lower leg enable reconstruction of a variety of local defects without microvascular anastomoses and with minimal donor-site morbidity. This study determined the reliable locations of the lower leg perforators. Twenty lower limbs harvested from fresh cadavers were used. In 15 specimens, colored latex intra-arterial injections were performed followed by dissection in the suprafascial plane; perforators with a diameter greater than 0.5 mm were located with respect to a line between the tips of the medial and lateral malleoli. In five further specimens, intra-arterial injection of a barium sulfate/gelatin mixture was performed and computed tomographic scans were acquired. Cluster analysis was performed to determine the 5-cm intervals where perforators were most commonly encountered within each septum. Perforators were located in discrete intermuscular septa. Those arising from the anterior tibial artery were predominantly encountered within three septa, and those of the peroneal and posterior tibial arteries were found within discrete septa. Reliable perforators were found within three distinct 5-cm intervals: at 4 to 9 cm, 13 to 18 cm, and 21 to 26 cm from the intermalleolar line. The anterior tibial artery perforators clustered in the distal and proximal intervals, those of the peroneal artery in the middle interval, and those of the posterior tibial artery in all three intervals. Reliable perforators from the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries can be found in distinct 5-cm intervals within intermuscular septa. This may aid in the design of pedicled perforator flaps of the lower leg.
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            The medial sural artery perforator free flap.

            The medial sural artery supplies the medial gastrocnemius muscle and sends perforating branches to the skin. The possible use of these musculocutaneous perforators as the source of a perforator-based free flap was investigated in cadavers. Ten legs were dissected, and the topography of significant perforating musculocutaneous vessels on both the medial and the lateral gastrocnemius muscles was recorded. A mean of 2.2 perforators (range, 1 to 4) was noted over the medial gastrocnemius muscle, whereas in only 20 percent of the specimens was a perforator of moderate size noted over the lateral gastrocnemius muscle. The perforating vessels from the medial sural artery clustered about 9 to 18 cm from the popliteal crease. When two perforators were present (the most frequent case), the perforators were located at a mean of 11.8 cm (range, 8.5 to 15 cm) and 17 cm (range, 15 to 19 cm) from the popliteal crease. A series of six successful clinical cases is reported, including five free flaps and one pedicled flap for ipsilateral lower-leg and foot reconstruction. The dissection is somewhat tedious, but the vascular pedicle can be considerably long and of suitable caliber. Donor-site morbidity was minimal because the muscle was not included in the flap. Although the present series is short, it seems that the medial sural artery perforator flap can be a useful flap for free and pedicled transfer in lower-limb reconstruction.
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              Anatomic basis of the gastrocnemius perforator-based flap.

              The gastrocnemius muscle is rarely considered today as a musculocutaneous flap. Yet, the posterior calf skin by itself can still be used to advantage as a source of local or perhaps free flaps. Fascial perforators in this region were reexamined in an anatomic study in 10 fresh cadaveric specimens to investigate the possibility of a gastrocnemius muscle perforator-based flap. At least two substantive perforators were found in all limbs, and there was always one overlying the medial gastrocnemius muscle (overall mean, 4.0 +/- 1.8 perforators; range, 2-7 perforators). The origin of these perforators in any given specimen was most commonly as a secondary branch from the medial or lateral sural arteries alone (60%), from the median sural artery as a direct cutaneous branch alone (10%), or from either of the muscle pedicles and/or the median sural artery (30%). Thus, in 90% of limbs, the potential for elevating a gastrocnemius perforator-based flap exists without the need for any muscle sacrifice. Otherwise, a more traditional posterior calf fasciocutaneous flap was possible. Other deeper intramuscular collaterals were also identified so that sequential use of the muscle as a separate flap does not seem to be compromised.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                September 2021
                : 47
                : 3
                : 289-296
                Affiliations
                [3] Espinho orgnameCentro Hospitalario Vila Nova de Gaia orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva, Craneomaxilofacial orgdiv2Unidad de Microcirugía Portugal
                [2] Espinho orgnameCentro Hospitalario Vila Nova de Gaia orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva, Craneomaxilofacial Portugal
                [1] Espinho orgnameCentro Hospitalario Vila Nova de Gaia orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva, Craneomaxilofacial Portugal
                Article
                S0376-78922021000300008 S0376-7892(21)04700300008
                10.4321/s0376-78922021000300008
                481eb075-1d92-41cc-afac-ab35506a2f79

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reconstructiva

                Retalho sural medial,Membro inferior,Retalho livre,Retalho de perfurantes em ilha,Colgajo de perforante medial sural,Extremidad inferior,Colgajo libre,Colgajo perforante en isla,Medial sural artery perforator flap,Lower extremity,Free flap,Perforator island flap

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