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      Ionic Liquids Toxicity—Benefits and Threats

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          Abstract

          Ionic liquids (ILs) are solvents with salt structures. Typically, they contain organic cations (ammonium, imidazolium, pyridinium, piperidinium or pyrrolidinium), and halogen, fluorinated or organic anions. While ILs are considered to be environmentally-friendly compounds, only a few reasons support this claim. This is because of high thermal stability, and negligible pressure at room temperature which makes them non-volatile, therefore preventing the release of ILs into the atmosphere. The expansion of the range of applications of ILs in many chemical industry fields has led to a growing threat of contamination of the aquatic and terrestrial environments by these compounds. As the possibility of the release of ILs into the environment s grow systematically, there is an increasing and urgent obligation to determine their toxic and antimicrobial influence on the environment. Many bioassays were carried out to evaluate the (eco)toxicity and biodegradability of ILs. Most of them have questioned their “green” features as ILs turned out to be toxic towards organisms from varied trophic levels. Therefore, there is a need for a new biodegradable, less toxic “greener” ILs. This review presents the potential risks to the environment linked to the application of ILs. These are the following: cytotoxicity evaluated by the use of human cells, toxicity manifesting in aqueous and terrestrial environments. The studies proving the relation between structures versus toxicity for ILs with special emphasis on directions suitable for designing safer ILs synthesized from renewable sources are also presented. The representants of a new generation of easily biodegradable ILs derivatives of amino acids, sugars, choline, and bicyclic monoterpene moiety are collected. Some benefits of using ILs in medicine, agriculture, and the bio-processing industry are also presented.

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          Low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs): a new generation of designer solvents.

          A new generation of designer solvents emerged in the last decade as promising green media for multiple applications, including separation processes: the low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs). They can be prepared by mixing natural high-melting-point starting materials, which form a liquid by hydrogen-bond interactions. Among them, deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) were presented as promising alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs). Some limitations of ILs are overcome by LTTMs, which are cheap and easy to prepare from natural and readily available starting materials, biodegradable, and renewable.
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            Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine

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              Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and research chemistry based organisation

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                29 August 2020
                September 2020
                : 21
                : 17
                : 6267
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
                [2 ]Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Medicine, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; michalflieeeger@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: j.flieger@ 123456umlub.pl ; Tel./Fax: +48-81448-7180
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6881-3161
                Article
                ijms-21-06267
                10.3390/ijms21176267
                7504185
                32872533
                483f7e16-0fc0-4b4f-a773-d20540e08271
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 August 2020
                : 28 August 2020
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                ionic liquids,(eco)toxicity,qsar/qspr,medical applications,bioprocessing
                Molecular biology
                ionic liquids, (eco)toxicity, qsar/qspr, medical applications, bioprocessing

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