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      Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression Translated title: Supplémentation maternelle en micronutriments multiples et issues de la grossesse dans les pays en voie de développement: méta-analyse et méta-régression Translated title: Administración de múltiples micronutrientes durante el embarazo y resultados en los países en vías de desarrollo: metanálisis y metarregresión

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of supplementation with multiple micronutrients versus iron and folic acid on pregnancy outcomes in developing countries. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched. Outcomes of interest were birth weight, low birth weight, small size for gestational age, perinatal mortality and neonatal mortality. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were estimated by random effects models. Sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regression. FINDINGS: Multiple micronutrient supplementation was more effective than iron and folic acid supplementation at reducing the risk of low birth weight (RR:0.86, 95% confidence interval, CI:0.79-0.93) and of small size for gestational age (RR:0.85; 95% CI: 0.78-0.93). Micronutrient supplementation had no overall effect on perinatal mortality (RR:1.05; 95% CI:0.90-1.22), although substantial heterogeneity was evident (I²=58%; P for heterogeneity=0.008). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses suggested that micronutrient supplementation was associated with a lower risk of perinatal mortality in trials in which >50% of mothers had formal education (RR:0.93; 95% CI:0.82-1.06) or in which supplementation was initiated after a mean of 20 weeks of gestation (RR:0.88; 95% CI:0.80-0.97). CONCLUSION: Maternal education or gestational age at initiation of supplementation may have contributed to the observed heterogeneous effects on perinatal mortality. The safety, efficacy and effective delivery of maternal micronutrient supplementation require further research.

          Translated abstract

          <img border=0 width=32 height=32 src="../../../../../img/revistas/bwho/v89n6/a07img02.jpg">

          Translated abstract

          <img border=0 width=32 height=32 src="../../../../../img/revistas/bwho/v89n6/a07img03.jpg">

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Étudier systématiquement les essais contrôlés randomisés comparant l'effet de l'apport en micronutriments multiples à l'apport en fer et en acide folique sur les issues de la grossesse dans les pays en voie de développement. MÉTHODES: MEDLINE et EMBASE ont fait l'objet d'une recherche. Les résultats d'intérêt étaient le poids de l'enfant à la naissance, un faible poids à la naissance, une taille trop petite pour l'âge gestationnel, la mortalité périnatale et la mortalité néonatale. Les risques relatifs (RR) globaux étaient estimés par des modèles à effets aléatoires. Les sources d'hétérogénéité étaient étudiées par le biais de la méta-régression et les méta-analyses de sous-groupes. RÉSULTATS: La supplémentation en micronutriments multiples s'est révélée plus efficace que la supplémentation en fer et en acide folique dans la diminution du risque de faible poids à la naissance (RR=0,86, 95% IC=0,79-0,93) et du risque de taille trop petite pour l'âge gestationnel (RR=0,85; 95% IC=0,78-0,93). L'apport en micronutriments n'a pas eu d'effet général sur la mortalité périnatale (RR=1,05; 95% IC=0,90-1,22) et ce, malgré une hétérogénéité évidente (I²=58%; P pour hétérogénéité=0,008). Les analyses des sous-groupes et de la méta-régression laissaient à penser que l'apport en micronutriments était associé à un risque inférieur de mortalité périnatale dans les essais pour lesquels >50% des mères avaient eu une éducation structurée (RR=0,93; 95% IC=0,82-1,06) ou pour lesquels la supplémentation avait débuté en moyenne après 20 semaines de gestation (RR=0,88; 95% IC=0,80-0,97). CONCLUSION: L'éducation de la mère ou l'âge gestationnel en début de supplémentation a pu contribuer aux effets hétérogènes observés sur la mortalité périnatale. La sécurité, l'efficacité et l'assimilation effective de l'apport maternel en micronutriments nécessitent des recherches supplémentaires.

          Translated abstract

          <img border=0 width=32 height=32 src="../../../../../img/revistas/bwho/v89n6/a07img01.jpg">

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión sistemática de ensayos aleatorizados y controlados en los que se compara el efecto de la administración de múltiples micronutrientes con el de la administración de hierro y ácido fólico sobre los resultados de los embarazos en los países en vías de desarrollo. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas en MEDLINE y EMBASE. Los resultados de interés fueron: peso del neonato, bajo peso neonatal, neonatos con una talla baja para la edad gestacional, mortalidad perinatal y mortalidad neonatal. Se calcularon los riesgos relativos (RR) agrupados, empleando modelos de efectos aleatorios. Se investigaron las fuentes de heterogeneidad del metanálisis y la metarregresión de los subgrupos. RESULTADOS: La administración de múltiples micronutrientes fue más eficaz que la administración de hierro y ácido fólico a la hora de reducir el riesgo del peso bajo neonatal (RR=0,86, IC del 95%=0,79-0,93) y la talla baja para la edad gestacional (RR=0,85; IC del 95%=0,78-0,93). La administración de micronutrientes no tuvo un efecto global en la mortalidad perinatal (RR=1,05; IC del 95%=0,90-1,22), si bien la heterogeneidad fue importante y evidente (I²=58%; p de heterogeneidad=0,008). Los análisis de los subgrupos y de la metarregresión sugirieron que la administración de micronutrientes estaba asociada a un menor riesgo de mortalidad perinatal en aquellos estudios en los que más del 50% de las madres tenía formación universitaria (RR=0,93; IC del 95%=0,82-1,06) o en los que la administración se inició después de una media de 20 semanas de gestación (RR=0,88; IC del 95%=0,80-0,97). CONCLUSIÓN: La educación de la madre o la edad gestacional en la que se inició la administración pueden haber contribuido a los efectos heterogéneos observados en la mortalidad perinatal. Se debe seguir investigando la seguridad, la eficacia y la efectividad de la administración de micronutrientes a mujeres embarazadas.

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          Multiple micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation: an overview.

          This overview of multiple micronutrients during pregnancy and lactation emphasizes 2 relatively neglected issues. The first is that maternal micronutrient status in the periconceptional period, and throughout pregnancy and lactation, should be viewed as a continuum; too often these 3 stages are treated and discussed separately from both a scientific and a public health perspective. Iron and vitamin B-12 are included as examples to stress how status at conception affects maternal, fetal, and infant status and health until the child is weaned. The second issue is that while most attention has been focused on a few micronutrients, for example iron and folate as discussed elsewhere in this Supplement, multiple micronutrient deficiencies occur simultaneously when diets are poor. Some of these deserve more attention as causes of poor pregnancy outcome, including other B vitamin deficiencies that result in homocysteinemia, antioxidants, vitamin D, and iodine. In lactation, maternal status or intake of the B vitamins (except folate), vitamin A, selenium and iodine strongly affect the amount of these nutrients secreted in breast milk. This can result in the infant consuming substantially less than the recommended amounts and further depleting stores that were low at birth. While the optimal mode of meeting recommended micronutrient intakes is an adequate diet, in some situations supplementation is also important. Unfortunately, information is lacking on the optimal formulation of micronutrient supplements for pregnant women, and the need to continue these supplements during lactation is not recognized in many situations where maternal and infant health could benefit.
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            Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal mortality in rural western China: double blind cluster randomised controlled trial

            Objective To examine the impact of antenatal supplementation with multiple micronutrients or iron and folic acid compared with folic acid alone on birth weight, duration of gestation, and maternal haemoglobin concentration in the third trimester. Design Cluster randomised double blind controlled trial. Setting Two rural counties in north west China. Participants 5828 pregnant women and 4697 live births. Interventions Villages were randomised for all pregnant women to take either daily folic acid (control), iron with folic acid, or multiple micronutrients with a recommended allowance of 15 vitamins and minerals. Main outcome measures Birth weight, length, and head circumference measured within 72 hours after delivery. Neonatal survival assessed at the six week follow-up visit. Results Birth weight was 42 g (95% confidence interval 7 to 78 g) higher in the multiple micronutrients group compared with the folic acid group. Duration of gestation was 0.23 weeks (0.10 to 0.36 weeks) longer in the iron-folic acid group and 0.19 weeks (0.06 to 0.32 weeks) longer in the multiple micronutrients group. Iron-folic acid was associated with a significantly reduced risk of early preterm delivery (<34 weeks) (relative risk 0.50, 0.27 to 0.94, P=0.031). There was a significant increase in haemoglobin concentration in both iron-folic acid (5.0 g/l, 2.0 to 8.0 g/l, P=0.001) and multiple micronutrients (6.9 g/l, 4.1 to 9.6 g/l, P<0.001) groups compared with folic acid alone. In post hoc analyses there were no significant differences for perinatal mortality, but iron-folic acid was associated with a significantly reduced early neonatal mortality by 54% (relative risk 0.46, 0.21 to 0.98). Conclusion In rural populations in China antenatal supplementation with iron-folic acid was associated with longer gestation and a reduction in early neonatal mortality compared with folic acid. Multiple micronutrients were associated with modestly increased birth weight compared with folic acid, but, despite this weight gain, there was no significant reduction in early neonatal mortality. Pregnant women in developing countries need sufficient doses of iron in nutrient supplements to maximise reductions in neonatal mortality. Trial registration ISRCTN08850194.
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              Vitamins and perinatal outcomes among HIV-negative women in Tanzania.

              Prematurity and low birth weight are associated with high perinatal and infant mortality, especially in developing countries. Maternal micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to these adverse outcomes. In a double-blind trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, we randomly assigned 8468 pregnant women (gestational age of fetus, 12 to 27 weeks) who were negative for human immunodeficiency virus infection to receive daily multivitamins (including multiples of the recommended dietary allowance) or placebo. All the women received prenatal supplemental iron and folic acid. The primary outcomes were low birth weight (<2500 g), prematurity, and fetal death. The incidence of low birth weight was 7.8% among the infants in the multivitamin group and 9.4% among those in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 0.95; P=0.01). The mean difference in birth weight between the groups was modest (67 g, P<0.001). The rates of prematurity were 16.9% in the multivitamin group and 16.7% in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.11; P=0.87), and the rates of fetal death were 4.3% and 5.0%, respectively (relative risk, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.05; P=0.15). Supplementation reduced both the risk of a birth size that was small for gestational age (<10th percentile; 10.7% in the multivitamin group vs. 13.6% in the placebo group; relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.87; P<0.001) and the risk of maternal anemia (hemoglobin level, <11 g per deciliter; relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.97; P=0.01), although the difference in the mean hemoglobin levels between the groups was small (0.2 g per deciliter, P<0.001). Multivitamin supplementation reduced the incidence of low birth weight and small-for-gestational-age births but had no significant effects on prematurity or fetal death. Multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing countries. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00197548 [ClinicalTrials.gov].). Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                June 2011
                : 89
                : 6
                : 402-411
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Harvard University USA
                [2 ] Harvard University USA
                Article
                S0042-96862011000600007
                10.2471/BLT.10.083758
                3099554
                21673856
                48493486-53e3-4c4d-9ddc-38a3a8c2a275

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
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                Public health
                Public health

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