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      Canalización e integración morfológica en poblaciones humanas modernas de diferentes contextos culturales y orígenes geográficos

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          Abstract

          La expresión fenotípica es el resultado de una compleja red de interacciones entre el genotipo y el ambiente. Entre los factores que contribuyen a establecer el fenotipo adulto, los procesos de desarrollo son de particular importancia como determinantes de los patrones de variación en distintos niveles de organización dentro del individuo. En este trabajo, dos resultados del actuar de dichos procesos, la canalización y la integración morfológica son evaluados en diferentes regiones del cráneo ó módulos en seis poblaciones humanas modernas que contrastan en sus estrategias económicas y sus orígenes geográficos. La canalización puede definirse como la resistencia de una población a responder a diferencias ambientales o genéticas mediante un aumento en la variación de sus fenotipos. La integración morfológica puede definirse como el grado de interrelación en la expresión de diferentes caracteres. Los resultados sugieren altos grados de canalización para el neuro y basicráneo y menos canalización en las restantes estructuras, más vinculadas con la masticación. Por otro lado, la integración morfológica es más evidente en la fosa temporal y la articulación temporo-mandibular. En general, los resultados indican que existen efectos diferenciales de la canalización e integración morfológica en los diferentes módulos craneales y que probablemente estas diferencias respondan a los efectos de variaciones en los estilos de vida.

          Translated abstract

          The adult phenotype is the result of a complex network of interactions between the genotype and the environment. Among the factors that contribute to establish the adult phenotype, developmental processes are particularly important in determining patterns of variation at different organization levels within the individual. In this work, two products of such developmental processes, canalization and morphological integration, are evaluated at different skull regions or modules in six modern human populations differing in their life-style and geographic origins. Canalization is defined as the resistance of a population to respond to environmental or genetic differences by increasing the variation in their phenotypes. Morphological integration is defined as the interrelationship degree in the expression of different characters. Results indicate that the neurocranium and the base are the most canalized of the studied structures, whereas structures related to mastication tend to show differing levels of canalization. Morphological integration is most evident in the temporal fossa and the temporo mandibular joint. In general, these results indicate that variable levels of canalization and morphological integration can arise as a response to different environmental stimuli like life strategy and/or diet hardness.

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          A comparison of phenotypic variation and covariation patterns and the role of phylogeny, ecology, and ontogeny during cranial evolution of new world monkeys.

          Similarity of genetic and phenotypic variation patterns among populations is important for making quantitative inferences about past evolutionary forces acting to differentiate populations and for evaluating the evolution of relationships among traits in response to new functional and developmental relationships. Here, phenotypic co variance and correlation structure is compared among Platyrrhine Neotropical primates. Comparisons range from among species within a genus to the superfamily level. Matrix correlation followed by Mantel's test and vector correlation among responses to random natural selection vectors (random skewers) were used to compare correlation and variance/covariance matrices of 39 skull traits. Sampling errors involved in matrix estimates were taken into account in comparisons using matrix repeatability to set upper limits for each pairwise comparison. Results indicate that covariance structure is not strictly constant but that the amount of variance pattern divergence observed among taxa is generally low and not associated with taxonomic distance. Specific instances of divergence are identified. There is no correlation between the amount of divergence in covariance patterns among the 16 genera and their phylogenetic distance derived from a conjoint analysis of four already published nuclear gene datasets. In contrast, there is a significant correlation between phylogenetic distance and morphological distance (Mahalanobis distance among genus centroids). This result indicates that while the phenotypic means were evolving during the last 30 millions years of New World monkey evolution, phenotypic covariance structures of Neotropical primate skulls have remained relatively consistent. Neotropical primates can be divided into four major groups based on their feeding habits (fruit-leaves, seed-fruits, insect-fruits, and gum-insect-fruits). Differences in phenotypic covariance structure are correlated with differences in feeding habits, indicating that to some extent changes in interrelationships among skull traits are associated with changes in feeding habits. Finally, common patterns and levels of morphological integration are found among Platyrrhine primates, suggesting that functional/developmental integration could be one major factor keeping covariance structure relatively stable during evolutionary diversification of South American monkeys.
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            A functional approach to craniology.

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              The peopling of America: craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view.

              Twenty-two years ago, Greenberg, Turner and Zegura (Curr. Anthropol. 27,477-495, 1986) suggested a multidisciplinary model for the human settlement of the New World. Since their synthesis, several studies based mainly on partial evidence such as skull morphology and molecular genetics have presented competing, apparently mutually exclusive, settlement hypotheses. These contradictory views are represented by the genetic-based Single Wave or Out of Beringia models and the cranial morphology-based Two Components/Stocks model. Here, we present a geometric morphometric analysis of 576 late Pleistocene/early Holocene and modern skulls suggesting that the classical Paleoamerican and Mongoloid craniofacial patterns should be viewed as extremes of a continuous morphological variation. Our results also suggest that recent contact among Asian and American circumarctic populations took place during the Holocene. These results along with data from other fields are synthesized in a model for the settlement of the New World that considers, in an integrative and parsimonious way, evidence coming from genetics and physical anthropology. This model takes into account a founder population occupying Beringia during the last glaciation characterized by high craniofacial diversity, founder mtDNA and Y-chromosome lineages and some private autosomal alleles. After a Beringian population expansion, which could have occurred concomitant with their entry into America, more recent circumarctic gene flow would have enabled the dispersion of northeast Asian-derived characters and some particular genetic lineages from East Asia to America and vice versa.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                raab
                Revista argentina de antropología biológica
                Rev Arg Antrop Biol
                Asociación de Antropología Biológica Argentina (La Plata, Buenoa Aires, Argentina )
                1514-7991
                December 2012
                : 14
                : 1
                : 101-112
                Article
                S1514-79912012000100010
                48766c62-c364-45ff-b9d8-7b29ad24be4a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Argentina


                Geometric morphometrics,Craniofacial variability,Developmental processes,Morfometría geométrica,Variabilidad craneofacial,Procesos del desarrollo

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