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      Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: Comparisons with schizophrenia

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          Abstract

          Any developmental relationship between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia engenders continuing debate. As the brain and face emerge in embryological intimacy, brain dysmorphogenesis is accompanied by facial dysmorphogenesis. 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 13 male and 14 female patients with bipolar disorder in comparison with 61 male and 75 female control subjects and with 37 male and 32 female patients with schizophrenia. Surface images were analysed using geometric morphometrics and 3D visualisations to identify domains of facial shape that distinguish bipolar patients from controls and bipolar patients from those with schizophrenia. Both male and female bipolar patients evidenced significant facial dysmorphology: common to male and female patients was overall facial widening, increased width of nose, narrowing of mouth and upward displacement of the chin; dysmorphology differed between male and female patients for nose length, lip thickness and tragion height. There were few morphological differences in comparison with schizophrenia patients. That dysmorphology of the frontonasal prominences and related facial regions in bipolar disorder is more similar to than different from that found in schizophrenia indicates some common dysmorphogenesis. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia might reflect similar insult(s) acting over slightly differing time-frames or slightly differing insult(s) acting over a similar time-frame.

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          Most cited references58

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          Distances and directions in multidimensional shape spaces: implications for morphometric applications.

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            Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis.

            Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have identified structural abnormalities in association with bipolar disorder. The literature is, however, heterogeneous and there is remaining uncertainty about which brain areas are pivotal to the pathogenesis of the condition. To identify, appraise and summarise volumetric MRI studies of brain regions comparing bipolar disorder with an unrelated control group and individuals with schizophrenia. A systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis was carried out to identify key areas of structural abnormality in bipolar disorder and whether the pattern of affected areas separated bipolar disorder from schizophrenia. Significant heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression. Participants with bipolar disorder are characterised by whole brain and prefrontal lobe volume reductions, and also by increases in the volume of the globus pallidus and lateral ventricles. In comparison with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder is associated with smaller lateral ventricular volume and enlarged amygdala volume. Heterogeneity was widespread and could be partly explained by clinical variables and year of publication, but generally not by differences in image acquisition. There appear to be robust changes in brain volume in bipolar disorder compared with healthy volunteers, although most changes do not seem to be diagnostically specific. Age and duration of illness appear to be key issues in determining the magnitude of observed effect sizes.
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              GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF DEVELOPMENTAL INSTABILITY: ANALYZING PATTERNS OF FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY WITH PROCRUSTES METHODS.

              Although fluctuating asymmetry has become popular as a measure of developmental instability, few studies have examined its developmental basis. We propose an approach to investigate the role of development for morphological asymmetry by means of morphometric methods. Our approach combines geometric morphometrics with the two-way ANOVA customary for conventional analyses of fluctuating asymmetry and can discover localized features of shape variation by examining the patterns of covariance among landmarks. This approach extends the notion of form used in studies of fluctuating asymmetry from collections of distances between morphological landmarks to an explicitly geometric concept of shape characterized by the configuration of landmarks. We demonstrate this approach with a study of asymmetry in the wings of tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis gambiensis). The analysis revealed significant fluctuating and directional asymmetry for shape as well as ample shape variation among individuals and between the offspring of young and old females. The morphological landmarks differed markedly in their degree of variability but multivariate patterns of landmark covariation identified by principal component analysis were generally similar between fluctuating asymmetry (within-individual variability) and variation among individuals. Therefore there is no evidence that special developmental processes control fluctuating asymmetry. We relate some of the morphometric patterns to processes known to be involved in the development of fly wings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Schizophr Res
                Schizophr. Res
                Schizophrenia Research
                Elsevier
                0920-9964
                1573-2509
                September 2010
                September 2010
                : 122
                : 1-3
                : 63-71
                Affiliations
                [a ]Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
                [b ]Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, St. Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Tel.: + 353 1 402 2129; fax: + 353 1 402 2453. jwadding@ 123456rcsi.ie
                [1]

                Deceased.

                Article
                SCHRES4270
                10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.001
                2941027
                20554158
                488278a2-b5e5-48ee-8d3a-affa3d403126
                © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                : 22 January 2010
                : 22 April 2010
                : 5 May 2010
                Categories
                Article

                Neurology
                bipolar disorder,development,craniofacies,geometric morphometrics,schizophrenia,dysmorphology,laser surface imaging

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