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      Four new troglophilic species of Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe, 1832: contributions to the knowledge of recluse spiders from Brazilian caves (Araneae, Sicariidae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Four new species of recluse spiders from Brazilian caves are described with both males and females. Loxosceles ericsoni Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, sp. n. and L. karstica Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, sp. n. both occur in caves in the Peruaçu region, located in the northern area of the state of Minas Gerais; L. karstica sp. n. is additionally found in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, located in the southwestern region of the state of Bahia. These two species belong to the gaucho group. Loxosceles carinhanha Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, sp. n. and L. cardosoi Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, sp. n. occur exclusively in caves of the Serra do Ramalho karst area and belong to the rufescens / amazonica species group. The discovery of two additional and highly distinct species in the rufescens / amazonica group ( L. carinhanha sp. n. and L. cardosoi sp. n.) increases the debate on the origin, evolution, and geographical distribution of this widely distributed group of recluse spiders in the New and Old World. The presence of three species ( L. ericsoni sp. n., L. carinhanha sp. n., and L. cardosoi sp. n.) with marked differences in morphological characters in a relatively small area indicates that the region seems to be an important center for Loxosceles diversity, which remains poorly studied.

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          Phylogenetic relationships of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders are consistent with Western Gondwanan vicariance.

          The modern geographic distribution of the spider family Sicariidae is consistent with an evolutionary origin on Western Gondwana. Both sicariid genera, Loxosceles and Sicarius are diverse in Africa and South/Central America. Loxosceles are also diverse in North America and the West Indies, and have species described from Mediterranean Europe and China. We tested vicariance hypotheses using molecular phylogenetics and molecular dating analyses of 28S, COI, 16S, and NADHI sequences. We recover reciprocal monophyly of African and South American Sicarius, paraphyletic Southern African Loxosceles and monophyletic New World Loxosceles within which an Old World species group that includes L. rufescens is derived. These patterns are consistent with a sicariid common ancestor on Western Gondwana. North American Loxosceles are monophyletic, sister to Caribbean taxa, and resolved in a larger clade with South American Loxosceles. With fossil data this pattern is consistent with colonization of North America via a land bridge predating the modern Isthmus of Panama.
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            Spots of high diversity of troglobites in Brazil: the challenge of measuring subterranean diversity

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              Sinopse da fauna cavernícola do Brasil (1907–1994)

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2018
                13 December 2018
                : 806
                : 47-72
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ] Laboratório de Estudos Subterrâneos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos campus São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
                [3 ] Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Comparada – Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Rogério Bertani ( bertani.rogerio@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: Miquel Arnedo

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-4832
                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.806.27404
                6302074
                48982afd-ab8b-4d54-a5e7-4d0e15f6a19b
                Rogério ertani, Diego M. von Schimonsky, Jonas E. Gallão, Maria E. Bichuette

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 June 2018
                : 1 November 2018
                Categories
                Research Article
                Sicariidae
                Taxonomy
                Brazil

                Animal science & Zoology
                bahia,brown spider,karst area,minas gerais,taxonomy,animalia,araneae,sicariidae
                Animal science & Zoology
                bahia, brown spider, karst area, minas gerais, taxonomy, animalia, araneae, sicariidae

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