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      Adverse Effects of Formaldehyde Vapor on Mouse Sperm Parameters and Testicular Tissue

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Formaldehyde (FA), one of the simplest organic molecules, is a flammable, pungent, irritating and colorless gas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various concentrations of FA vapor on sperm parameters and testicular tissue.

          Materials and Methods:

          In this experimental study, we randomly assigned 36 adult male mice to one control and two experimental groups (n=12 for each group). The control group (C) did not receive FA. Group F1 (low concentration) was exposed to 10 ppm FA vapor and the F2 (high concentration) group was exposed to 20 ppm FA vapor. FA was administered for ten days, eight hours per day for both groups. At the end of the exposure period, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed 24 hours after exposure to detect any short-term effects; the rest of the mice were sacrificed 35 days later to assess for long-term effects. Sperm parameters were analyzed by Computer-assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA) and histological changes determined. In addition, we studied changes in testosterone hormone. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffe test using SPSS software.

          Results:

          Long-term effects of FA in the experimental groups included significant reductions in sperm cell numbers and sperm viability. A drastic reduction in progressive motility and increased abnormal sperm percentage (p<0.001) compared with the control group was also noted. Histological study of testes specimens in the experimental group revealed displacement of germinal cells, along with degeneration of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules.

          Conclusion:

          Exposure to FA vapor can destroy testicular structure and decrease percentages of concentration, viability, normal morphology, and progressive motility, in addition to increasing the percentage of immotile sperm.

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          Most cited references35

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          Definition of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat.

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            How strong is the evidence of a link between environmental chemicals and adverse effects on human reproductive health?

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              [WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen: its applicability to andrology laboratories in China].

              The 5th edition of WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (2010) represents a comprehensive revision. This article aims to explore the applicability of this manual to andrology laboratories in China mainland in view of sperm count analysis, sperm motility analysis, sperm morphology analysis, sperm function analysis, anti-sperm antibody and seminal plasma biochemical marker analysis, and quality assurance and quality control of semen analysis. The authors deem that its recommendation to the analysis method and lower reference limit of sperm concentration may be a little arbitrary and lack of evidence-based support, that the revised grading sperm motility, the strict criteria and the very low cut-off value of 4% morphologically normal spermatozoa for the evaluation of sperm morphology are not applicable to andrology laboratories in China mainland, that the sperm function markers need to be supplemented, and that the determination methods of anti-sperm antibody and seminal plasma biochemical markers are incompatible with the status of Chinese andrology laboratories. However, its recommended methods for quality assurance and quality control of semen analysis have a significant directive role in China mainland. It is worth to point out that the WHO manual ignored the data obtained from Chinese which accounts for approximate 20% of the world population. Thus, given the importance of the WHO manual, its general applicability should be evaluated in China.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Fertil Steril
                Int J Fertil Steril
                Royan Institute
                International Journal of Fertility & Sterility
                Royan Institute
                2008-076X
                2008-0778
                Jan-Mar 2013
                3 March 2013
                : 6
                : 4
                : 250-267
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Embryology at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                * Corresponding Address: P.O.Box: 14115175Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares University TehranIran Email: khavanin@ 123456modares.ac.ir
                Article
                Int-J-Fertil-Steril-6-250
                3850312
                24520448
                48a6712d-988c-4ea0-b6da-c38fdf7f5dc9
                Any use, distribution, reproduction or abstract of this publication in any medium, with the exception of commercial purposes, is permitted provided the original work is properly cited

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 May 2011
                : 1 August 2012
                Categories
                Original Article
                Andrology
                Histology
                Custom metadata
                Vosoughi Sh, Khavanin A, Salehnia M, Asilian Mahabadi H, Shahverdi A, Esmaeili V. Adverse effects of formaldehyde vapor on mouse sperm parameters and testicular tissue. Int J Fertil Steril. 2013; 6(4): 250-257.

                formaldehyde,mouse,sperm,testosterone,testis
                formaldehyde, mouse, sperm, testosterone, testis

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