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      "Lost milk?": Counting the economic value of breast milk in gross domestic product.

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          Abstract

          The contribution of breastfeeding and mothers milk to the economy is invisible in economic statistics.

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          The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis.

          Melissa Bartick, A. K. Reinhold (2010)
          A 2001 study revealed that $3.6 billion could be saved if breastfeeding rates were increased to levels of the Healthy People objectives. It studied 3 diseases and totaled direct and indirect costs and cost of premature death. The 2001 study can be updated by using current breastfeeding rates and adding additional diseases analyzed in the 2007 breastfeeding report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Using methods similar to those in the 2001 study, we computed current costs and compared them to the projected costs if 80% and 90% of US families could comply with the recommendation to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months. Excluding type 2 diabetes (because of insufficient data), we conducted a cost analysis for all pediatric diseases for which the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reported risk ratios that favored breastfeeding: necrotizing enterocolitis, otitis media, gastroenteritis, hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections, atopic dermatitis, sudden infant death syndrome, childhood asthma, childhood leukemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and childhood obesity. We used 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention breastfeeding rates and 2007 dollars. If 90% of US families could comply with medical recommendations to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months, the United States would save $13 billion per year and prevent an excess 911 deaths, nearly all of which would be in infants ($10.5 billion and 741 deaths at 80% compliance). Current US breastfeeding rates are suboptimal and result in significant excess costs and preventable infant deaths. Investment in strategies to promote longer breastfeeding duration and exclusivity may be cost-effective.
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            Does breastfeeding protect against substantiated child abuse and neglect? A 15-year cohort study.

            Michael J O’Callaghan, Khondaker Mamun, Jake M. Najman … (2009)
            We explored whether breastfeeding was protective against maternally perpetrated child maltreatment. A total of 7223 Australian mother-infant pairs were monitored prospectively over 15 years. In 6621 (91.7%) cases, the duration of breastfeeding was analyzed with respect to child maltreatment (including neglect, physical abuse, and emotional abuse), on the basis of substantiated child protection agency reports. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare no maltreatment with nonmaternal and maternally perpetrated maltreatment and to adjust for confounding in 5890 cases with complete data (81.5%). Potential confounders included sociodemographic factors, pregnancy wantedness, substance abuse during pregnancy, postpartum employment, attitudes regarding infant caregiving, and symptoms of anxiety or depression. Of 512 children with substantiated maltreatment reports, >60% experienced > or =1 episode of maternally perpetrated abuse or neglect (4.3% of the cohort). The odds ratio for maternal maltreatment increased as breastfeeding duration decreased, with the odds of maternal maltreatment for nonbreastfed children being 4.8 times the odds for children breastfed for > or =4 months. After adjustment for confounding, the odds for nonbreastfed infants remained 2.6 times higher, with no association seen between breastfeeding and nonmaternal maltreatment. Maternal neglect was the only maltreatment subtype associated independently with breastfeeding duration. Among other factors, breastfeeding may help to protect against maternally perpetrated child maltreatment, particularly child neglect.
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              Donor milk banking and breastfeeding in Norway.

              Morten Grønn, Anne Hagen Grøvslien (2009)
              Milk banks in Norway have a long tradition of using raw milk. This is a practice the authors hope to continue as they see it as the best choice until a child's own mothers' milk production is sufficient. Not only will the premature babies benefit from having milk from the bank, but if a mother, for any reason, can not supply her baby while it's in the hospital her baby should be offered milk from a bank. In Norway, with a high breastfeeding rate this can be done at many hospitals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Hum Lact
                Title: Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-5732
                ISSN (Print): 0890-3344
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 2013
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] 1Economic Research on Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australia.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 0890334413494827
                DOI: 10.1177/0890334413494827
                PubMed ID: 23855027
                SO-VID: 48b26df0-d34b-43fd-ab05-4fa3029d87a3
                History

                Keywords: Australia,Norway,United States,breastfeeding,breastfeeding benefits,cost savings,cost–benefit analysis,government policy,milk banking
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Australia, Norway, United States, breastfeeding, breastfeeding benefits, cost savings, cost–benefit analysis, government policy, milk banking

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