Fabrication of Hybrid Coated Microneedles with Donepezil Utilizing Digital Light Processing and Semisolid Extrusion Printing for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Abstract

Microneedle (MN) patches are gaining increasing attention as a cost-effective technology for delivering drugs directly into the skin. In the present study, two different 3D printing processes were utilized to produce coated MNs, namely, digital light processing (DLP) and semisolid extrusion (SSE). Donepezil (DN), a cholinesterase inhibitor administered for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, was incorporated into the coating material. Physiochemical characterization of the coated MNs confirmed the successful incorporation of donepezil as well as the stability and suitability of the materials for transdermal delivery. Optical microscopy and SEM studies validated the uniform weight distribution and precise dimensions of the MN arrays, while mechanical testing ensured the MNs’ robustness, ensuring efficient skin penetration. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the produced transdermal patches, indicating their potential use in clinical treatment. Permeation studies revealed a significant increase in DN permeation compared to plain coating material, affirming the effectiveness of the MNs in enhancing transdermal drug delivery. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) elucidated the distribution of the API, within skin layers, demonstrating sustained drug release and transcellular transport pathways. Finally, cell studies were also conducted on NIH3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate the biocompatibility and safety of the printed objects for transdermal applications.

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Most cited references 80

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Mark Prausnitz, Robert (Bob) Langer (2008)

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, noncavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin's barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase its impact on medicine.

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Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery.

Yeu-Chun Kim, Jung-Hwan Park, Mark Prausnitz (2012)

Microneedles were first conceptualized for drug delivery many decades ago, but only became the subject of significant research starting in the mid-1990's when microfabrication technology enabled their manufacture as (i) solid microneedles for skin pretreatment to increase skin permeability, (ii) microneedles coated with drug that dissolves off in the skin, (iii) polymer microneedles that encapsulate drug and fully dissolve in the skin and (iv) hollow microneedles for drug infusion into the skin. As shown in more than 350 papers now published in the field, microneedles have been used to deliver a broad range of different low molecular weight drugs, biotherapeutics and vaccines, including published human studies with a number of small-molecule and protein drugs and vaccines. Influenza vaccination using a hollow microneedle is in widespread clinical use and a number of solid microneedle products are sold for cosmetic purposes. In addition to applications in the skin, microneedles have also been adapted for delivery of bioactives into the eye and into cells. Successful application of microneedles depends on device function that facilitates microneedle insertion and possible infusion into skin, skin recovery after microneedle removal, and drug stability during manufacturing, storage and delivery, and on patient outcomes, including lack of pain, skin irritation and skin infection, in addition to drug efficacy and safety. Building off a strong technology base and multiple demonstrations of successful drug delivery, microneedles are poised to advance further into clinical practice to enable better pharmaceutical therapies, vaccination and other applications. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Koen van der Maaden, Wim Jiskoot, Joke Bouwstra (2012)

Microneedles have been used for the dermal and transdermal delivery of a broad range of drugs, such as small molecular weight drugs, oligonucleotides, DNA, peptides, proteins and inactivated viruses. However, until now there are no microneedle-based (trans)dermal drug delivery systems on the market. In the past decade various types of microneedles have been developed by a number of production processes. Numerous geometries of microneedles have been designed from various materials. These microneedles have been used for different approaches of microneedle-based (trans)dermal drug delivery. Following a brief introduction about dermal and transdermal drug delivery, this review describes different production methods for solid and hollow microneedles as well as conditions that influence skin penetration. Besides, the four microneedle-based (trans)dermal drug delivery approaches are discussed: "poke and flow", "poke and patch", "poke and release", and "coat and poke". A separate section of this review is devoted to the use of microneedles for the delivery of therapeutic proteins and vaccines. Finally, we give our view on research and development that is needed to render microneedle-based (trans)dermal drug delivery technologies clinically useful in the near future. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Pharm

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Pharm

Journal ID (publisher-id): mp

Journal ID (coden): mpohbp

Title: Molecular Pharmaceutics

Publisher: American Chemical Society

ISSN (Print): 1543-8384

ISSN (Electronic): 1543-8392

Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2024

Publication date Collection: 02 September 2024

Volume: 21

Issue: 9

Pages: 4450-4464

Affiliations

[† ]Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

[‡ ]Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH) , Thessaloniki 57001, Greece

[§ ]Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University , 14km Thessaloniki - N. Moudania, Thermi GR, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece

[∥ ]Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

[⊥ ]Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

[# ]Department of Materials Science, University of Patras , Rio, Patras 26504, Greece

[∇ ]Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical School, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Ag. Pavlos, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece

[○ ]Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

[◆ ]Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia , Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus

Author notes

[* ]Email: dfatouro@ 123456pharm.auth.gr .

Author information

Ioannis S. Vizirianakis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1459-9774

Dimitrios G. Fatouros https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-4198

Article

DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00377

PMC ID: 11372831

PubMed ID: 39163171

SO-VID: 48db19e0-bead-4ddf-80e5-5ddb2f1d50bc

License:

Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 06 April 2024

Date accepted : 08 August 2024

Date revision received : 07 August 2024

Custom metadata

document-id-old-9 mp4c00377

document-id-new-14 mp4c00377

ccc-price

ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine

Keywords: 3d printing,microneedles,skin delivery,alzheimer’s disease,transdermal delivery

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine

Keywords: 3d printing, microneedles, skin delivery, alzheimer’s disease, transdermal delivery

Fabrication of Hybrid Coated Microneedles with Donepezil Utilizing Digital Light Processing and Semisolid Extrusion Printing for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

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