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      Elaboración de vinos de crianza biológica de grado alcohólico reducido en el sur de España. Resultados actuales y perspectivas de futuro

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          Resumen

          Los vinos de crianza biológica producidos en el sur de España (Jerez-Xères-Sherry; Manzanilla de Sanlúcar, Montilla- Moriles and Condado de Huelva) son productos de elevada calidad reconocidos en todo el mundo. Estos vinos, denominados Finos y/o Manzanillas, son fortificados usualmente hasta los 15%-16% v/v alcohol para llevar a cabo la etapa de crianza bajo velo de flor que los caracteriza. El modelo de consumo de vino está cambiando y los consumidores buscan productos de elevada tipicidad y calidad sensorial, pero con una graduación alcohólica moderada. En este sentido, sería muy interesante para el sector poder elaborar estos vinos, manteniendo su calidad, pero con niveles de alcohol algo más moderados (13,5-14,5% v/v). En el presente trabajo, se resumen los resultados más relevantes de la conducción de la crianza biológica, tanto estática como dinámica, con grados alcohólicos más bajos de lo habitual en tres bodegas del marco de Jerez, y trabajando en dos escalas diferentes. Además, se han realizado catas con consumidores para evaluar de manera preliminar la posible aceptación de estos vinos en el mercado. Los primeros resultados nos indican que es viable trabajar a un grado alcohólico algo inferior al habitual sin que ello afecte a la actividad normal de las levaduras del velo de flor ni a la calidad de estos vinos.

          Abstract

          Biological ageing wines from the south of Spain, produced into three Origin Denominations (Jerez-Xères-Sherry; Manzanilla de Sanlúcar, Montilla- Moriles and Condado de Huelva) are high-quality products recognized throughout the world. These wines, called Finos and/or Manzanillas, are usually fortified up to 15%-16% v/v alcohol to carry out the aging under the characteristic “flor velum”. The wine consumption model is changing and consumers are looking for products with a high sensory quality but with a moderate alcohol content. In this sense, it is very interesting for the sector to elaborate biological ageing wines with the same quality but with low alcohol levels (13,5-14,5% v/v). In the present work, the results of conducting biological ageing, both static and dynamic, with lower than usual alcoholic degrees (13.5-14.5% v/v) are shown, in three wineries of the Sherry area, and working on two different scales. In addition, some tastings have been carried out with consumers to preliminarily assess the possible acceptance of these wines in the market. The first results indicate that it is feasible to work at an alcoholic degree somewhat lower than usual without affecting the normal activity of the flor yeasts or the quality of these wines.

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          Identification of yeasts by RFLP analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers

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            Flor yeasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae--their ecology, genetics and metabolism.

            The aging of certain white wines is dependent on the presence of yeast strains that develop a biofilm on the wine surface after the alcoholic fermentation. These strains belong to the genus Saccharomyces and are called flor yeasts. These strains possess distinctive characteristics compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting strain. The most important one is their capacity to form a biofilm on the air-liquid interface of the wine. The major gene involved in this phenotype is FLO11, however other genes are also involved in velum formation by these yeast and will be detailed. Other striking features presented in this review are their aneuploidy, and their mitochondrial DNA polymorphism which seems to reflect adaptive evolution of the yeast to a stressful environment where acetaldehyde and ethanol are present at elevated concentration. The biofilm assures access to oxygen and therefore permits continued growth on non-fermentable ethanol. This specific metabolism explains the peculiar organoleptic profile of these wines, especially their content in acetaldehyde and sotolon. This review deals with these different specificities of flor yeasts and will also underline the existing gaps regarding these astonishing yeasts. © 2013.
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              Yeast population dynamics during the fermentation and biological aging of sherry wines.

              Molecular and physiological analyses were used to study the evolution of the yeast population, from alcoholic fermentation to biological aging in the process of "fino" sherry wine making. The four races of "flor" Saccharomyces cerevisiae (beticus, cheresiensis, montuliensis, and rouxii) exhibited identical restriction patterns for the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene, but this pattern was different, from those exhibited by non-flor S. cerevisiae strains. This flor-specific pattern was detected only after wines were fortified, never during alcoholic fermentation, and all the strains isolated from the velum exhibited the typical flor yeast pattern. By restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA and karyotyping, we showed that (i) the native strain is better adapted to fermentation conditions than commercial strains; (ii) two different populations of S. cerevisiae strains are involved in the process of elaboration, of fino sherry wine, one of which is responsible for must fermentation and the other, for wine aging; and (iii) one strain was dominant in the flor population integrating the velum from sherry wines produced in González Byass wineries, although other authors have described a succession of races of flor S. cerevisiae during wine aging. Analyzing all these results together, we conclude that yeast population dynamics during biological aging is a complex phenomenon and differences between yeast populations from different wineries can be observed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BIO Web of Conferences
                BIO Web Conf.
                EDP Sciences
                2117-4458
                2023
                December 06 2023
                2023
                : 68
                : 02007
                Article
                10.1051/bioconf/20236802007
                48e9733e-922f-4fe0-bf2d-b901a5453d5a
                © 2023

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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