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      Movement Behavior of the Pine Needle Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

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          Abstract

          The movement behavior of the pine needle gall midge ( Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida Et Inouye (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)), an invasive species in China, was determined by using a tethered flight technique and digital videography in the laboratory. The flight distance, duration, and speed of females were compared at different ages (2–10 h) and ambient temperatures (17, 21, 26, and 30°C). Female flight distance and duration at 26°C were significantly greater than those at 17°C and 21°C. The age of T. japonensis did not significantly affect the three flight characteristics. For females at 2–10 h of age at 26°C and 70% RH, the maximum flight distance was 667.59 m; the longest flight time was 6,222.34 s; and the fastest flight speed was 0.44 m·s −1. For larvae wetted with water, the highest jump was 5.7 cm; the longest jump was 9.6 cm; and the greatest distance moved in 5 min was 27.13 cm, which showed that the active dispersal potential of larvae was very low.

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          A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research.

          Movement of individual organisms is fundamental to life, quilting our planet in a rich tapestry of phenomena with diverse implications for ecosystems and humans. Movement research is both plentiful and insightful, and recent methodological advances facilitate obtaining a detailed view of individual movement. Yet, we lack a general unifying paradigm, derived from first principles, which can place movement studies within a common context and advance the development of a mature scientific discipline. This introductory article to the Movement Ecology Special Feature proposes a paradigm that integrates conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and empirical frameworks for studying movement of all organisms, from microbes to trees to elephants. We introduce a conceptual framework depicting the interplay among four basic mechanistic components of organismal movement: the internal state (why move?), motion (how to move?), and navigation (when and where to move?) capacities of the individual and the external factors affecting movement. We demonstrate how the proposed framework aids the study of various taxa and movement types; promotes the formulation of hypotheses about movement; and complements existing biomechanical, cognitive, random, and optimality paradigms of movement. The proposed framework integrates eclectic research on movement into a structured paradigm and aims at providing a basis for hypothesis generation and a vehicle facilitating the understanding of the causes, mechanisms, and spatiotemporal patterns of movement and their role in various ecological and evolutionary processes. "Now we must consider in general the common reason for moving with any movement whatever." (Aristotle, De Motu Animalium, 4th century B.C.).
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            Analysis of the Effect of Temperature on Insects in Flight

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              Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use.

              Major contributions to the release of Trichogramma for biological control of lepidopterous pests have been made in the past 20 years. Most trials have used only five species of Trichogramma against two pests; Ostrinia in corn is considered the most universally feasible. All Trichogramma programs must address the following four aspects to be successful commercially. Selection of the appropriate population is based on inter- and intraspecific variation, as well as on current definitions of parasitoid quality. Mass rearing is comprised of both host and parasitoid components, although major emphasis is now on developing artificial systems. Effective distribution of Trichogramma requires supportive extension and advanced technology. Strategies for use in the field vary according to the approach desired (inundative or inoculative), the timing, frequency and rate of release, and the multiple factors that affect release, such as the weather, crop, host, predation, pesticides, and dispersal. The past difficulty in assessing the efficacy of Trichogramma should be improved with new guidelines for standardizing terminology and measurements.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Subject Editor
                Journal
                J Insect Sci
                J Insect Sci
                jis
                Journal of Insect Science
                Oxford University Press (US )
                1536-2442
                September 2020
                31 October 2020
                31 October 2020
                : 20
                : 5
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Shandong Academy of Forestry , Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
                [2 ] Beijing Forestry University , Beijing, P. R. China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author, e-mail: haiweiw@ 123456126.com
                Article
                ieaa121
                10.1093/jisesa/ieaa121
                7599387
                33128364
                49198826-7697-4b0c-abde-59aeeedc6f47
                © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 May 2020
                : 21 September 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 6
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key R & D Program of China;
                Award ID: 2018YFC1200400
                Categories
                Research Articles
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01382

                Entomology
                pine needle gall midge,flight capacity,tethered flight,temperature,age
                Entomology
                pine needle gall midge, flight capacity, tethered flight, temperature, age

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