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      Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain Translated title: Séroprévalence de Theileria equi et Babesia caballi chez les chevaux en Espagne

      research-article
      1 , 2 , * , 1
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Equine piroplasmoses, Spain, Seroprevalence, IFAT, cELISA

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          Abstract

          Equine piroplasmoses are enzootic parasitic diseases distributed worldwide with high incidence in tropical and subtropical regions. In Spain, there is insufficient epidemiological data about equine piroplasmoses. The main aim of the present study was therefore to estimate the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in five regions and obtain information about the risk factors. This study was conducted in the central and south-western regions of Spain, using indirect fluorescence antibody testing (IFAT) in 3,100 sera samples from apparently healthy horses of different ages, breeds, coat colours, genders and geographical locations. The overall seroprevalence was 52%, consisting of 44% seropositive for T. equi and 21% for B. caballi. There was a significant association between age ( p < 0.0001), breed ( p < 0.004), geographical location ( p < 0.0001) and the seroprevalence, but neither the coat colour nor the gender was significantly associated with prevalence. In addition, it was proved that most of the geographic areas showed a moderate to high prevalence. The statistical κ value was used to compare the results obtained by the IFAT and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) utilised to test some samples ( n = 108) and showed a higher concordance for T. equi (κ = 0.68) than for B. caballi ( κ = 0.22). Consequently, this revealed the importance of developing an appropriate technique to detect each haemoparasite.

          Translated abstract

          Les piroplasmoses équines sont des parasitoses enzootiques cosmopolites qui existent surtout dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales. En Espagne, peu de données épidémiologiques sont disponibles sur les piroplasmoses équines. Ainsi, le principal objectif de la présente étude a été d’estimer la séroprévalence de l’infection par Theileria equi et Babesia caballi dans cinq régions et obtenir des informations sur les facteurs de risque. Cette étude a été menée dans les régions du centre et du sud-ouest de l’Espagne en utilisant le test d’immunofluorescence indirecte (IFI) sur un échantillon de 3100 sérums de chevaux apparemment sains de différents âges, races, robes, sexe et origines géographiques. La séroprévalence globale était de 52 %, y compris 44 % séropositifs pour T. equi et 21 % pour B. caballi. Il y avait une association significative entre l’âge ( p < 0.0001), la race ( p < 0.004), la localisation géographique ( p < 0.0001) et la séroprévalence. Cependant, ni la couleur du pelage ni le sexe n’avaient de corrélation significative avec la séroprévalence. En outre, la plupart des régions étaient dans un état de prévalence modérée à élevée. Le coefficient de concordance κ a été utilisé pour comparer les résultats obtenus par IFI et cELISA pour tester 108 échantillons, et a montré une concordance plus élevée pour T. equi ( κ = 0.68) que pour B. caballi ( κ = 0.22). Cela démontre l’importance de développer une technique appropriée pour détecter chaque hémoparasite.

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          A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology

          Highlights • Serological and molecular assays exist for most economic important Theileria species. • Molecular assays are constantly being improved with regard to sensitivity and specificity. • The concept of what constitute a Theileria species impacts on accurate diagnostics. • Analytical specificity of molecular assays are >800 000 parasites/L blood. • Parasitemia ranges may determine practical limits of detection.
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            Review of equine piroplasmosis.

            Equine piroplasmosis is caused by one of 2 erythrocytic parasites Babesia caballi or Theileria equi. Although the genus of the latter remains controversial, the most recent designation, Theileria, is utilized in this review. Shared pathogenesis includes tick-borne transmission and erythrolysis leading to anemia as the primary clinical outcome. Although both parasites are able to persist indefinitely in their equid hosts, thus far, only B. caballi transmits across tick generations. Pathogenesis further diverges after transmission to equids in that B. caballi immediately infects erythrocytes, whereas T.equi infects peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The recent re-emergence of T.equi in the United States has increased awareness of these tick-borne pathogens, especially in terms of diagnosis and control. This review focuses in part on factors leading to the re-emergence of infection and disease of these globally important pathogens.
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              Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998.

              The horse-parasitizing species Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 was redescribed as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998 and, thus, transferred from one valid genus to another. This transfer was needed since it turned out that this horse parasite showed the relevant characteristics of theilerians with regard to biological data, morphological features, biochemical properties, and molecular biological relationships.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2017
                12 May 2017
                : 24
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2017/01 )
                : 14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura 10071 Cáceres Spain
                [2 ] Genetics and Animal Breeding, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura 10071 Cáceres Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: pepelufe@ 123456unex.es
                Article
                parasite170007 10.1051/parasite/2017015
                10.1051/parasite/2017015
                5432961
                28497743
                495989f4-2fd1-4629-943c-d1838eb4ef16
                © M.G. Montes Cortés et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2017

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 January 2017
                : 17 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 105, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Research Article

                equine piroplasmoses,spain,seroprevalence,ifat,celisa
                equine piroplasmoses, spain, seroprevalence, ifat, celisa

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