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      Effectiveness and safety of endotracheal tube cuffs filled with air versus filled with alkalinized lidocaine: a randomized clinical trial Translated title: Efetividade e segurança dos balonetes de tubos traqueais preenchidos com ar versus preenchidos com lidocaína: ensaio clínico randomizado

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          High intracuff pressure in endotracheal tubes (ETs) may cause tracheal lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endotracheal tube cuffs filled with air or with alkalinized lidocaine.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          This was a prospective clinical study at the Department of Anesthesio­logy, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista.

          METHODS:

          Among 50 patients, ET cuff pressures were recorded before, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after starting and upon ending nitrous oxide anesthesia. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups: Air, with ET cuff inflated with air to attain a cuff pressure of 20 cmH 2O; and Lido, with ET cuff filled with 2% lidocaine plus 8.4% sodium bicarbonate to attain the same pressure. ET discomfort before tracheal extubation, and sore throat, hoarseness and coughing incidence were studied at the time of discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit, and sore throat and hoarseness were studied 24 hours after anesthesia.

          RESULTS:

          Pressures in Lido cuffs were significantly lower than in Air cuffs (p < 0.05). Tracheal complaints were similar for the two groups, except for lower ET discomfort and sore throat incidence after 24 hours and lower systolic arterial pressure at the time of extubation in the Lido group (p < 0.05).

          CONCLUSION:

          ET cuffs filled with alkalinized lidocaine prevented the occurrence of high cuff pressures during N 2O anesthesia and reduced ET discomfort and postoperative sore throat incidence. Thus, alkalinized lidocaine-filled ET cuffs seem to be safer than conventional air-filled ET cuffs.

          RESUMEN

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          Os tubos traqueais são dispositivos utilizados para manutenção da ventilação. A hiperinsuflação do balonete do tubo traqueal, causada pela difusão do óxido nitroso (N 2O), pode determinar lesões traqueais, que se manifestam clinicamente como odinofagia, rouquidão e tosse. A lidocaína, quando injetada no balonete do tubo traqueal, difunde-se através de sua parede, determinando ação anestésica local na traquéia. O objetivo foi avaliar a efetividade e a segurança do balonete do tubo traqueal preenchido com ar comparado com o balonete preenchido com lidocaína, considerando os desfechos: sintomas cardiovasculatórios (HAS, taquicardia); odinofagia, tosse, rouquidão e tolerância ao tubo traqueal.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Estudo clínico prospectivo, realizado no Departamento de Anestesiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Unesp, campus de Botucatu.

          MÉTODOS:

          A pressão do balonete do tubo traqueal foi medida, entre 50 pacientes, antes, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos após o início da inalação de N 2O anestésico. As pacientes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Air, em que o balonete foi inflado com ar para obtenção de pressão de 20 cm H 2O, e Lido, em que o balonete foi preenchido com lidocaína a 2% mais bicarbonato de sódio a 8,4% para obtenção da mesma pressão. O desconforto antes da extubação, e manifestações clínicas como dor de garganta, rouquidão e tosse foram registrados no momento da alta da unidade de cuidados pós-anestésicos, e dor de garganta e rouquidão foram avaliadas também 24 horas após a anestesia.

          RESULTADOS:

          Os valores da pressão no balonete em G2 foram significativamente menores do que os de Air em todos os tempos de estudo, a partir de 30 minutos (p < 0,001). A proporção de pacientes que reagiu ao tubo traqueal no momento da desintubação foi significantemente menor em Lido (p < 0,005). A incidência de odinofagia foi significantemente menor em Lido no primeiro dia de pós-operatório (p < 0,05). A incidência de tosse e rouquidão não diferiu entre os grupos.

          CONCLUSÕES:

          Durante ventilação artificial, empregando-se a mistura de oxigênio e N 2O, a insuflação do balonete com lidocaína 2% alcalinizada impede que ocorra aumento significante da pressão no balonete e determina maior tolerância ao tubo traqueal e menor incidência de odinofagia no pós-operatório, podendo então ser considerada mais segura e com maior efetividade.

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          Most cited references40

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          Complications and consequences of endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy

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            Intracuff pressure and tracheal morbidity: influence of filling with saline during nitrous oxide anesthesia.

            Diffusion of nitrous oxide into the cuff of the endotracheal tube results in an increase in cuff pressure. Excessive endotracheal tube cuff pressure may impair tracheal mucosal perfusion and cause tracheal damage and sore throat. Filling the cuff of the endotracheal tube with saline instead of air prevents the increase in cuff pressure due to nitrous oxide diffusion. This method was used to test whether tracheal morbidity is related to excess in tracheal cuff pressure during balanced anesthesia. Fifty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II were randomly allocated to two groups with endotracheal tube cuffs initially inflated to 20-30 cm H(2)O with either air (group A) or saline (group S). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. At the time of extubation, a fiberoptic examination of the trachea was performed by an independent observer, and abnormalities of tracheal mucosa at the level of the cuff contact area were scored. Patients assessed their symptoms (sore throat, dysphagia, and hoarseness) at the time of discharge from the postanesthesia care unit and 24 h after extubation on a 101-point numerical rating scale. Cuff pressure increased gradually during anesthesia in group A but remained stable in group S. The incidence of sore throat was greater in group A than in group S in the postanesthesia care unit (76 vs. 20%) and 24 h after extubation (42 vs. 12%; P < 0.05). Tracheal lesions at time of extubation were seen in all patients of group A and in eight patients (32%) of group S (P < 0.05). Excess in endotracheal tube cuff pressure during balanced anesthesia due to nitrous oxide diffusion into this closed gas space causes sore throat that is related to tracheal mucosal erosion.
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              The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat.

              To evaluate the efficacy of various ways of lidocaine application in reducing postoperative cough and sore throat. Double-blind, randomized study. University-affiliated hospital. 204 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for cataract surgery with general anesthesia. Patients were randomized to six groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6), according to lidocaine application method. Before endotracheal intubation, in the G1 and G2 groups, 10% lidocaine was sprayed on the distal end of the endotracheal tubes (ETTs; G1) and laryngopharyngeal structures (G2). In the G3 group, the distal ends of the ETTs were lubricated with 2% lidocaine jelly. Intravenous (IV) lidocaine was administered to the G4 group at the conclusion of surgery. Intracuff lidocaine was used in the G5 group; in the G6 group, the terminal end of the ETTs were lubricated with normal saline. At the end of surgery and after extubation, patients were observed to record the number of coughs. At 1 hour and at 24 hours following extubation, sore throat was evaluated. In the recovery room, 64.4% of the patients experienced cough, with greatest frequency in the G3, G6, and G2 groups, and the least in the G5 and G4 groups. The frequency of sore throat was significantly different among the six groups at 1 hour and at 24 hours, with greater frequency in the G3, G2, and G6 groups. Using lidocaine to inflate the ETT cuff or IV lidocaine at the end of surgery decreases the frequency of postoperative cough and sore throat and would provide better outcome for patients and the physician.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                01 November 2007
                2007
                : 125
                : 6
                : 322-328
                Affiliations
                [1] originalDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                [Address for correspondence: ] Lais Helena Camacho Navarro Departamento de Anestesiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – Unesp Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n o — Caixa Postal 530 Botucatu (SP) — Brasil — CEP 18618-970 Tel. (+55 14) 3811-6222 — Fax. (+55 14) 3815-9015 E-mail: laishnavarro@ 123456uol.com.br

                Conflicts of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/S1516-31802007000600004
                11020563
                18317601
                4986d9bc-5bbe-4c99-a2ae-b9b6f7e1ef93

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 26 September 2006
                : 24 October 2007
                : 01 November 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Article

                intratracheal intubation,cough,pharyngitis,hoarseness,lidocaine,intubação endotraqueal,tosse,faringite,rouquidão,lidocaína

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