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      Mapping the mechanical properties of paintings via nanoindentation: a new approach for cultural heritage studies

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          Abstract

          A comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of the heterogenous layers within the paint stratigraphies in historical paintings is crucial to evaluate their long term stability. We aim to refine nanoindentation as a new tool to investigate the mechanical behaviour of historical oil paints, by adapting the probes and the protocol already used in biomechanical research on soft tissues. The depth-controlled indentation profile performed with a spherical probe provides an evaluation of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour of the individual layers in paint at local scale. The technique is non-destructive and guarantees the integrity of the surface after indentation. The mapping of elasticity demonstrates the properties’ heterogeneity of the composite material within the paint layers, as well as between the individual layers and their interfaces.

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          Load–displacement behavior during sharp indentation of viscous–elastic–plastic materials

          A model is developed that describes the sharp indentation behavior of time-dependent materials. The model constitutive equation is constructed from a series of quadratic mechanical elements, with independent viscous (dashpot), elastic (spring), and plastic (slider) responses. Solutions to this equation describe features observed under load-controlled indentation of polymers, including creep, negative unloading tangents, and loading-rate dependence. The model describes a full range of viscous–elastic–plastic responses and includes as bounding behaviors time-independent elastic–plastic indentation (appropriate to metals and ceramics) and time-dependent viscous–elastic indentation (appropriate to elastomers). Experimental indentation traces for a range of olymers with different material properties (elastic modulus, hardness, viscosity) are econvoluted and ranked by calculated time constant. Material properties for these polymers, deconvoluted from single load–unload cycles, are used to predict the indentation load–displacement behavior at loading rates three times slower and faster, as well as the steady-state creep rate under fixed load.
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            Regional variations in stiffness in live mouse brain tissue determined by depth-controlled indentation mapping

            The mechanical properties of brain tissue play a pivotal role in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. Yet, at present, there is no consensus on how the different structural parts of the tissue contribute to its stiffness variations. Here, we have gathered depth-controlled indentation viscoelasticity maps of the hippocampus of acute horizontal live mouse brain slices. Our results confirm the highly viscoelestic nature of brain tissue. We further show that the mechanical properties are non-uniform and at least related to differences in morphological composition. Interestingly, areas with higher nuclear density appear to be softer than areas with lower nuclear density.
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              Ferrule-top nanoindenter: an optomechanical fiber sensor for nanoindentation.

              Ferrule-top probes are self-aligned all-optical devices obtained by fabricating a cantilever on the top of a ferruled optical fiber. This approach has been proven to provide a new platform for the realization of small footprint atomic force microscopes (AFMs) that adapt well to utilization outside specialized laboratories [D. Chavan et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 123702 (2010); ibid. 82, 046107 (2011)]. In this paper we now show that ferrule-top cantilevers can be also used to develop nanoindenters. Our instrument combines the sensitivity of commercial AFM-based indentation with the ease-of-use of more macroscopic instrumented indenters available today on the market. Furthermore, the all-optical design allows smooth operations also in liquids, where other devices are much more limited and often provide data that are difficult to interpret. This study may pave the way to the implementation of a new generation user-friendly nanoindenters for the measurement of the stiffness of samples in material sciences and medical research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.tiennot@rijksmuseum.nl
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                13 May 2020
                13 May 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 7924
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2196 1335, GRID grid.501083.f, Conservation and Science Department, Rijksmuseum, Ateliergebouw, Hobbemastraat 22, ; 1071 ZC Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, GRID grid.12380.38, Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, ; 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000084992262, GRID grid.7177.6, History of Art Department, University of Amsterdam, ; 1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands
                Article
                64892
                10.1038/s41598-020-64892-7
                7220919
                32404938
                498c8552-8716-46b2-a4e5-16ee0b3c9c53
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 December 2019
                : 21 April 2020
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                © The Author(s) 2020

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                mechanical properties,characterization and analytical techniques
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                mechanical properties, characterization and analytical techniques

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