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      Adverse Events Associated with Nifurtimox Treatment for Chagas Disease in Children and Adults

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          Abstract

          Nifurtimox (NF) is one of the only two drugs currently available for Chagas disease (ChD) treatment. However, data on NF safety are scarce, and many physicians defer or refuse NF treatment because of concerns about drug tolerance.

          ABSTRACT

          Nifurtimox (NF) is one of the only two drugs currently available for Chagas disease (ChD) treatment. However, data on NF safety are scarce, and many physicians defer or refuse NF treatment because of concerns about drug tolerance. In a retrospective study of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with NF treatment of ChD, children received NF doses of 10 to 15 mg/kg/day for 60 to 90 days, and adults received 8 to 10 mg/kg/day for 30 days. A total of 215 children (median age, 2.6 years; range, 0 to 17 years) and 105 adults (median age, 34 years; range, 18 to 57 years) were enrolled. Overall, 127/320 (39.7%) patients developed ADRs, with an incidence of 64/105 adults and 63/215 children (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 6.3). We observed 215 ADRs, 131 in adults (median, 2 events/patient; interquartile range for the 25th to 75th percentiles [IQR 25–75 ], 1 to 3) and 84 in children (median, 1 event/patient; IQR 25–75 = 1 to 1.5) ( P adjusted < 0.001). ADRs were mainly mild and moderate. Severe ADRs were infrequent (1.2% in children and 0.9% in adults). Nutritional, central nervous, and digestive systems were the most frequently affected, without differences between groups. Treatment was discontinued in 31/320 (9.7%) patients without differences between groups. However, ADR-related discontinuations occurred more frequently in adults than in children (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 1.5 to 24). Our study supports the safety of NF for ChD treatment. Delaying NF treatment due to safety concerns does not seem to be supported by the evidence. (This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT04274101.)

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          Most cited references24

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          Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management.

          We define an adverse drug reaction as "an appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen, or withdrawal of the product." Such reactions are currently reported by use of WHO's Adverse Reaction Terminology, which will eventually become a subset of the International Classification of Diseases. Adverse drug reactions are classified into six types (with mnemonics): dose-related (Augmented), non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related and time-related (Chronic), time-related (Delayed), withdrawal (End of use), and failure of therapy (Failure). Timing, the pattern of illness, the results of investigations, and rechallenge can help attribute causality to a suspected adverse drug reaction. Management includes withdrawal of the drug if possible and specific treatment of its effects. Suspected adverse drug reactions should be reported. Surveillance methods can detect reactions and prove associations.
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              The ontogeny of drug metabolism enzymes and implications for adverse drug events.

              R Hines (2008)
              Profound changes in drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) expression occurs during development that impacts the risk of adverse drug events in the fetus and child. A review of our current knowledge suggests individual hepatic DME ontogeny can be categorized into one of three groups. Some enzymes, e.g., CYP3A7, are expressed at their highest level during the first trimester and either remain at high concentrations or decrease during gestation, but are silenced or expressed at low levels within one to two years after birth. SULT1A1 is an example of the second group of DME. These enzymes are expressed at relatively constant levels throughout gestation and minimal changes are observed postnatally. ADH1C is typical of the third DME group that are not expressed or are expressed at low levels in the fetus, usually during the second or third trimester. Substantial increases in enzyme levels are observed within the first one to two years after birth. Combined with our knowledge of other physiological factors during early life stages, knowledge regarding DME ontogeny has permitted the development of robust physiological based pharmacokinetic models and an improved capability to predict drug disposition in pediatric patients. This review will provide an overview of DME developmental expression patterns and discuss some implications of the data with regards to drug therapy. Common themes emerging from our current knowledge also will be discussed. Finally, the review will highlight gaps in knowledge that will be important to advance this field.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
                Antimicrob Agents Chemother
                American Society for Microbiology
                0066-4804
                1098-6596
                January 20 2021
                January 20 2021
                : 65
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, CONICET-GCBA, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División Patología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [2 ]Parasitología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación en Patologías Pediátricas, CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [3 ]Division of Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
                Article
                10.1128/AAC.01135-20
                33168612
                49983941-b394-46c9-a2cc-296edbac3714
                © 2021

                https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license

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