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      Detección de simulación de trastorno mental mediante el MMPI-2-RF, el PAI y el SIMS: Estudio de análogos en una muestra militar Translated title: Mental disorder malingering detection with MMPI-2-RF, PAI and SIMS in a military analog design

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El interés por estudiar la simulación de enfermedad en militares siempre aumentó en tiempos de guerra, pero no es hasta la II Guerra Mundial cuando surgen los primeros trabajos empíricamente validados de simulación. Desde entonces, se han hecho cientos de estudios con distintas pruebas diagnósticas para determinar la capacidad clasificatoria de sus escalas de detección. Entre las pruebas con más evidencias demostradas se encuentran el Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), el Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) y el Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Objetivo: Analizar la capacidad clasificatoria de las versiones adaptadas a población española de la segunda versión revisada del MMPI, del PAI y del SIMS en una muestra de militares españoles (N=342) -no expertos en psicopatología, ni en índices de detección de simulación-. Método: Se empleó un diseño de análogos con un grupo control (n=95), un grupo análogo de psicopatología general (n=70), un grupo análogo de depresión (n=90) y un grupo análogo de ansiedad (n=87). El análisis de datos se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS 19.0, con el que se realizaron pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson, ANOVA de 1 factor, ANCOVA de 1 factor, eta cuadrado parcial, comparaciones post-hoc con Bonferroni y, adicionalmente, se calculó el tamaño del efecto con d de Cohen. Resultados: Todas las escalas de las tres pruebas obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente superiores en los grupos de análogos que en el control, salvo las que miden patrones de buena imagen, en donde estos tres grupos quedaron significativamente por debajo del grupo control. Todas las escalas de detección de simulación de las tres pruebas diferenciaron al grupo control de los tres análogos. En concreto, las mejores escalas de detección fueron: del MMPI-2-RF: F-r, Fs, FBS-r y Fp-r, por este orden; del PAI: IMN, SIM y FDR, por este orden; y del SIMS: Af y Total, por este orden. Conclusiones: Los instrumentos de medida MMPI-2-RF, PAI y SIMS discriminaron correctamente entre el grupo control y los tres análogos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The studies in military malingering have always been increased in war times, but it's not until World War II when the first evidenced based studies arise. Since then, hundreds of studies have been done with different diagnostic tests to determine the classification capacity of their detection scales. Among the tests with more evidence demonstrated are The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Objective: To analyze the classification capacity of the Spanish version of MMPI-2-RF, PAI and SIMS in a Spanish military sample (N = 342) -naive in psychopathology, either in malingering scales-. Method: An analog design was used with control group (n = 95), analog group of general psychopathology (n = 70), analog group of depression (n = 90) and analog group of anxiety (n = 87). Data analysis was done with Statistical Package SPSS 19.0 and there were used Chi-Square Pearson, One-way ANOVA, One-way ANCOVA, Eta squared, Bonferroni and Cohen's d. Results: All the scales of the three instruments were higher scores in analog groups than in control, except those that measure positive impresion, where these three groups were below. In addition, all malingering scales of the three tests differ between control group and analog groups. The best detection scales were for the MMPI-2-RF: F-r, Fs, FBS-r and Fp-r, in this order; for the PAI: NIM, MAL and RDF, in this order; and for the SIMS: Af and Total, in this order. Conclusions: MMPI-2-RF, PAI and SIMS are good instruments to discriminate between control and analog fakers.

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          Most cited references44

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          A power primer.

          One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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            A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists.

            Clinical psychologists are frequently called on to testify in court regarding mental health issues in civil or criminal cases. One of the legal criteria by which admissibility of testimony is determined includes whether the testimony is based on methods that have gained "general acceptance" in their field. In this study, we sought to evaluate the psychological tests used in forensic assessments by members of the American Psychology-Law Society Division of the American Psychological Association, and by diplomates in the American Board of Forensic Psychology. We present test results from this survey, based on 152 respondents, for forensic evaluations conducted with adults using multiscale inventories, single-scale tests, unstructured personality tests, cognitive and/or intellectual tests, neuropsychological tests, risk assessment and psychopathy instruments, sex offender risk assessment instruments, competency or sanity-related instruments, and instruments used to evaluate malingering. In addition, we provide findings for psychological testing involving child-related forensic issues.
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              The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              We meta-analytically reviewed studies that used the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) to detect feigned psychopathology. We present weighted mean diagnostic accuracy and predictive power indices in various populations, based on 31 studies, including 61 subsamples and 4009 SIMS protocols. In addition, we provide normative data of patients, claimants, defendants, nonclinical adults, and various experimental feigners, based on 41 studies, including 125 subsamples and 4810 SIMS protocols. We conclude that the SIMS (1) is able to differentiate well between instructed feigners and honest responders; (2) generates heightened scores in groups that are known to have a raised prevalence of feigning (e.g., offenders who claim crime-related amnesia); (3) may overestimate feigning in patients who suffer from schizophrenia, intellectual disability, or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; and (4) is fairly robust against coaching. The diagnostic power of the traditional cut scores of the SIMS (i.e., > 14 and > 16) is not so much limited by their sensitivity—which is satisfactory—but rather by their substandard specificity. This, however, can be worked around by combining the SIMS with other symptom validity measures and by raising the cut score, although the latter solution sacrifices sensitivity for specificity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                December 2019
                : 75
                : 4
                : 203-213
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameInspección General de Sanidad de la Defensa España
                Article
                S1887-85712019000400203 S1887-8571(19)07500400203
                10.4321/s1887-85712019000400004
                49beb0b3-f03d-46a4-9dfd-93adcb2dc21c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 11 December 2019
                : 13 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Original

                PAI,psicodiagnóstico,SIMS,Simulación,militar,diseño de análogos,MMPI-2-RF,Malingering,fake bad,psychodiagnostic,military,analog design

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