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      Global methylmercury exposure from seafood consumption and risk of developmental neurotoxicity: a systematic review Translated title: ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????: ??????????????? ????? Translated title: Exposition globale au méthylmercure par la consommation de poisson et fruits de mer et risque de neurotoxicité sur le développement: un examen systématique Translated title: التعرض العام لميثيل الزئبق من تناول المأكولات البحرية ومخاطر السمية العصبية التنموية: مراجعة منهجية Translated title: ???????????????????????????? Translated title: La exposición global al metilmercurio a partir del consumo de pescado y marisco y el riesgo de neurotoxicidad del desarrollo: una revisión sistemática

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          Abstract

          Objective To examine biomarkers of methylmercury (MeHg) intake in women and infants from seafood-consuming populations globally and characterize the comparative risk of fetal developmental neurotoxicity. Methods A search was conducted of the published literature reporting total mercury (Hg) in hair and blood in women and infants. These biomarkers are validated proxy measures of MeHg, a neurotoxin found primarily in seafood. Average and high-end biomarkers were extracted, stratified by seafood consumption context, and pooled by category. Medians for average and high-end pooled distributions were compared with the reference level established by a joint expert committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Findings Selection criteria were met by 164 studies of women and infants from 43 countries. Pooled average biomarkers suggest an intake of MeHg several times over the FAO/WHO reference in fish-consuming riparians living near small-scale gold mining and well over the reference in consumers of marine mammals in Arctic regions. In coastal regions of south-eastern Asia, the western Pacific and the Mediterranean, average biomarkers approach the reference. Although the two former groups have a higher risk of neurotoxicity than the latter, coastal regions are home to the largest number at risk. High-end biomarkers across all categories indicate MeHg intake is in excess of the reference value. Conclusion There is a need for policies to reduce Hg exposure among women and infants and for surveillance in high-risk populations, the majority of which live in low-and middle-income countries.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Objectif Examiner les biomarqueurs de l'ingestion de méthylmercure (MeHg) chez les femmes et les enfants des populations consommant des poisson et fruits de mer au niveau mondial et caractériser le risque comparatif de la neurotoxicité sur le développement du fœtus. Méthodes Une recherche a été effectuée dans la documentation publiée rapportant les quantités totales de mercure (Hg) dans les cheveux et le sang des femmes et des enfants. Ces biomarqueurs ont été validés comme étant des mesures indirectes du MeHg, une neurotoxine que l'on trouve principalement dans les poissons et fruits de mer. Les biomarqueurs moyens et terminaux ont été extraits, stratifiés par contexte de consommation de poisons et fruits de mer et groupés par catégorie. Les médianes pour les distributions groupées des biomarqueurs moyens et terminaux ont été comparées avec le niveau de référence établi par un comité mixte d'experts de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO) et l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Résultats Les critères de sélection ont été satisfaits par 164 études concernant des femmes et des enfants dans 43 pays. Les biomarqueurs moyens groupés suggèrent une ingestion de MeHg plusieurs fois supérieure à la référence FAO/OMS chez les riverains consommateurs de poissons et vivant à proximité d’une zone d'orpaillage à petite échelle et bien au-delà de la référence chez les consommateurs de mammifères marins dans les régions arctiques. Dans les régions côtières de l'Asie du Sud-Est, du Pacifique occidental et de la Méditerranée, les biomarqueurs moyens se rapprochent de la référence. Bien que les deux premiers groupes aient un risque de neurotoxicité plus important que les derniers groupes, les régions côtières abritent le plus grand nombre de personnes à risque. Les biomarqueurs terminaux dans toutes les catégories indiquent que l'ingestion de MeHg est supérieure à la valeur de référence. Conclusion Il y a un besoin de politiques pour réduire l'exposition au Hg chez les femmes et les enfants, ainsi que pour surveiller les populations à haut risque, dont la majorité vit dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Examinar los biomarcadores de la ingesta de metilmercurio (MeHg) en mujeres y niños procedentes de poblaciones que consumen pescados y mariscos a nivel global y describir el riesgo comparativo de neurotoxicidad del desarrollo fetal. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura publicada que informa sobre el mercurio total (Hg) en el cabello y la sangre de mujeres y niños. Estos biomarcadores son medidas indirectas validadas de MeHg, una neurotoxina que se encuentra sobre todo en el pescado y marisco. Se extrajeron biomarcadores de gama media y alta, los cuales se estratificaron por contexto de consumo de pescado y marisco y se agruparon por categorías. Se compararon las medianas de las distribuciones por grupos de gama media y alta con el nivel de referencia establecido por un comité mixto de expertos de la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Resultados 164 estudios de mujeres y niños de 43 países cumplieron los criterios de selección. El grupo de biomarcadores de gama media indica una ingesta de MeHg varias veces superior a la referencia de la FAO/OMS en los ribereños que consumen pescado que viven cerca de una pequeña mina de oro, y muy superior a la referencia en los consumidores de mamíferos marinos en las regiones árticas. En las regiones costeras del sudeste de Asia, el Pacífico occidental y el Mediterráneo, los biomarcadores de gama media se acercan a la referencia. Aunque el riesgo de neurotoxicidad es mayor en los dos grupos anteriores que en el último, las regiones costeras albergan el mayor número de personas en riesgo. En todas las categorías, los biomarcadores de alta gama indican que la ingesta de MeHg es superior al valor de referencia. Conclusión Se necesitan políticas que reduzcan la exposición al Hg entre mujeres y niños, así como una vigilancia en las poblaciones de alto riesgo, la mayoría de las cuales viven en países de bajos y medianos ingresos.

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          Cognitive Deficit in 7-Year-Old Children with Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury

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            Evidence on the Human Health Effects of Low-Level Methylmercury Exposure

            Background: Methylmercury (MeHg) is a known neuro-toxicant. Emerging evidence indicates it may have adverse effects on the neuro-logic and other body systems at common low levels of exposure. Impacts of MeHg exposure could vary by individual susceptibility or be confounded by bene-ficial nutrients in fish containing MeHg. Despite its global relevance, synthesis of the available literature on low-level MeHg exposure has been limited. Objectives: We undertook a synthesis of the current knowledge on the human health effects of low-level MeHg exposure to provide a basis for future research efforts, risk assessment, and exposure remediation policies worldwide. Data sources and extraction: We reviewed the published literature for original human epidemio-logic research articles that reported a direct biomarker of mercury exposure. To focus on high-quality studies and those specifically on low mercury exposure, we excluded case series, as well as studies of populations with unusually high fish consumption (e.g., the Seychelles), marine mammal consumption (e.g., the Faroe Islands, circumpolar, and other indigenous populations), or consumption of highly contaminated fish (e.g., gold-mining regions in the Amazon). Data synthesis: Recent evidence raises the possibility of effects of low-level MeHg exposure on fetal growth among susceptible subgroups and on infant growth in the first 2 years of life. Low-level effects of MeHg on neuro-logic outcomes may differ by age, sex, and timing of exposure. No clear pattern has been observed for cardio-vascular disease (CVD) risk across populations or for specific CVD end points. For the few studies evaluating immunologic effects associated with MeHg, results have been inconsistent. Conclusions: Studies targeted at identifying potential mechanisms of low-level MeHg effects and characterizing individual susceptibility, sexual dimorphism, and non-linearity in dose response would help guide future prevention, policy, and regulatory efforts surrounding MeHg exposure.
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              Maternal Fish Consumption, Hair Mercury, and Infant Cognition in a U.S. Cohort

              Fish and other seafood may contain organic mercury but also beneficial nutrients such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We endeavored to study whether maternal fish consumption during pregnancy harms or benefits fetal brain development. We examined associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and maternal hair mercury at delivery with infant cognition among 135 mother–infant pairs in Project Viva, a prospective U.S. pregnancy and child cohort study. We assessed infant cognition by the percent novelty preference on visual recognition memory (VRM) testing at 6 months of age. Mothers consumed an average of 1.2 fish servings per week during the second trimester. Mean maternal hair mercury was 0.55 ppm, with 10% of samples > 1.2 ppm. Mean VRM score was 59.8 (range, 10.9–92.5). After adjusting for participant characteristics using linear regression, higher fish intake was associated with higher infant cognition. This association strengthened after adjustment for hair mercury level: For each additional weekly fish serving, offspring VRM score was 4.0 points higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3 to 6.7]. However, an increase of 1 ppm in mercury was associated with a decrement in VRM score of 7.5 (95% CI, –13.7 to –1.2) points. VRM scores were highest among infants of women who consumed > 2 weekly fish servings but had mercury levels ≤1.2 ppm. Higher fish consumption in pregnancy was associated with better infant cognition, but higher mercury levels were associated with lower cognition. Women should continue to eat fish during pregnancy but choose varieties with lower mercury contamination.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                April 2014
                : 92
                : 4
                : 254-269F
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                [2 ] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                [3 ] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                [4 ] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                Article
                S0042-96862014000400254
                10.2471/BLT.12.116152
                3967569
                24700993
                49c4d8bb-a082-42d7-9810-c0c52c56a122

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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