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      Analysis of synonymous codon usage in SARS Coronavirus and other viruses in the Nidovirales

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          Abstract

          In this study, we calculated the codon usage bias in severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV) and performed a comparative analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in SARSCoV and 10 other evolutionary related viruses in the Nidovirales. Although there is a significant variation in codon usage bias among different SARSCoV genes, codon usage bias in SARSCoV is a little slight, which is mainly determined by the base compositions on the third codon position. By comparing synonymous codon usage patterns in different viruses, we observed that synonymous codon usage pattern in these virus genes was virus specific and phylogenetically conserved, but it was not host specific. Phylogenetic analysis based on codon usage pattern suggested that SARSCoV was diverged far from all three known groups of Coronavirus. Compositional constraints could explain most of the variation of synonymous codon usage among these virus genes, while gene function is also correlated to synonymous codon usages to a certain extent. However, translational selection and gene length have no effect on the variations of synonymous codon usage in these virus genes.

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          Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

          P Rota (2003)
          In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronaviruses.
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            The 'effective number of codons' used in a gene.

            F. Wright (1990)
            A simple measure is presented that quantifies how far the codon usage of a gene departs from equal usage of synonymous codons. This measure of synonymous codon usage bias, the 'effective number of codons used in a gene', Nc, can be easily calculated from codon usage data alone, and is independent of gene length and amino acid (aa) composition. Nc can take values from 20, in the case of extreme bias where one codon is exclusively used for each aa, to 61 when the use of alternative synonymous codons is equally likely. Nc thus provides an intuitively meaningful measure of the extent of codon preference in a gene. Codon usage patterns across genes can be investigated by the Nc-plot: a plot of Nc vs. G + C content at synonymous sites. Nc-plots are produced for Homo sapiens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Dictyostelium discoideum, and Drosophila melanogaster. A FORTRAN77 program written to calculate Nc is available on request.
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              Codon usage and tRNA content in unicellular and multicellular organisms.

              T Ikemura (1985)
              Choices of synonymous codons in unicellular organisms are here reviewed, and differences in synonymous codon usages between Escherichia coli and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are attributed to differences in the actual populations of isoaccepting tRNAs. There exists a strong positive correlation between codon usage and tRNA content in both organisms, and the extent of this correlation relates to the protein production levels of individual genes. Codon-choice patterns are believed to have been well conserved during the course of evolution. Examination of silent substitutions and tRNA populations in Enterobacteriaceae revealed that the evolutionary constraint imposed by tRNA content on codon usage decelerated rather than accelerated the silent-substitution rate, at least insofar as pairs of taxonomically related organisms were examined. Codon-choice patterns of multicellular organisms are briefly reviewed, and diversity in G+C percentage at the third position of codons in vertebrate genes--as well as a possible causative factor in the production of this diversity--is discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Virus Res
                Virus Res
                Virus Research
                Elsevier B.V.
                0168-1702
                1872-7492
                25 February 2004
                May 2004
                25 February 2004
                : 101
                : 2
                : 155-161
                Affiliations
                Key Laboratory of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-25-83619983; fax: +86-25-83619983. zhlu@ 123456seu.edu.cn
                Article
                S0168-1702(04)00020-6
                10.1016/j.virusres.2004.01.006
                7127446
                15041183
                49fdffd3-69fa-471a-87a5-2a69e18f1111
                Copyright © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 25 October 2003
                : 9 January 2004
                : 9 January 2004
                Categories
                Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                bp, base pair,sarscov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,rscu, relative synonymous codon usage,enc, effective number of codons,ca, correspondence analysis,gc3s, the frequency of g+c at the synonymous third position of sense codons,a3s, t3s, g3s and c3s, the adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine content at synonymous third positions,orf, open reading frame,pcr, polymerase chain reaction,s.d., standard deviation,synonymous codon usage,mutational bias,selection pressure,base composition,sars,coronavirus

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