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      Riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño y nivel de actividad física y su asociación con riesgo cardiovascular elevado en adultos chilenos Translated title: Risk of obstructive sleep apnea and levels of physical activity and its association with elevated cardiovascular risk in chilean adults

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) está asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 3.657 sujetos entre 30 y 74 años (x: 50,1 ±12,1 DS) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010. Se estimó el riesgo de AOS mediante una regla de predicción clínica (RPC) basada en las variables del Cuestionario STOP-Bang. Según puntaje se clasificaron en Riesgo BAJO (< 3), MEDIO (3-4) y ALTO (≥ 5) de AOS. El nivel de actividad física (NAF) fue clasificado en 3 niveles: Bajo, Moderado y Alto, según los resultados autorreportados con el cuestionario GPAQ. Para estudiar la asociación entre el riesgo de AOS y NAF con el RCV Alto/Muy Alto (≥ 10%, Framingham) construimos un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por sexo, edad, IMC, diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, colesterol total elevado, colesterol HDL bajo, triglicéridos elevados, nivel educacional, tabaquismo y horas de sueño autorreportadas. Resultados: 3.098 sujetos se clasificaron como riesgo de AOS: BAJO 1.683 (54,3%), MEDIO 1.116 (36%) y ALTO 299 (9,7%). El NAF fue evaluado en 3.570 sujetos, y clasificado como: Nivel Bajo 1.093 (30,6%), Moderado 705 (19,7%), y Alto 1.772 (49,6%). El RCV fue determinado en 3.613 sujetos, y 711 (19,7%) clasificaron como riesgo Alto /Muy Alto. El modelo de regresión muestra: riesgo MEDIO un OR = 1,75 (1,05-2,90; p = 0,03), riesgo ALTO un OR = 3,86 (1,85-8,06; p < 0,001). Para el NAF Bajo un OR = 1,14 (0,75-1,74; p = 0,525), NAF Moderado un OR = 1,18 (0,73-1,92; p = 0,501). Conclusión: El riesgo MEDIO y ALTO de AOS, pero no el NAF autorreportado, constituyen un factor de riesgo independiente para riesgo cardiovascular elevado.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subjects and methods: 3,657 subjects between 30 and 74 years-old ( x ¯: 50.1 ± 12.1 SD) from 2010 Chilean National Health Survey were selected. Risk of OSA was estimated using a clinical prediction rule (CPR) based on the variables of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire. According to their score they were classified as LOW (< 3), MEDIUM (3-4) and HIGH (≥ 5) risk of OSA. Their physical activity level (PAL) was classified into 3 levels: Low, Moderate and High, according to the self-reported results with the GPAQ questionnaire. To study the association between the risk of OSA and PAL with High / Very High CVR (≥ 10%, Framingham) we constructed a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, educational level, smoking and self-reported sleep hours. Results: 3,098 subjects were classified as OSA risk: LOW 1.683 (54.3%), MEDIUM 1.116 (36%) and HIGH 299 (9.7%). The PAL was evaluated in 3,570 subjects and classified as: Low 1,093 (30.6%), Moderate 705 (19.7%), and High 1,772 (49.6%). The CVR was determined in 3,613 subjects, and 711 (19.7%) classified as High/Very High risk. The regression model shows: MEDIUM risk an OR = 1.75 (1.05 – 2.90, p = 0.03), HIGH risk an OR = 3.86 (1.85-8.06, p < 0.001). For the PAL Low an OR = 1.14 (0.75-1.74, p = 0.525), PAL Moderate an OR = 1.18 (0.73-1.92, p = 0.501). Conclusion: The MEDIUM and HIGH risk of OSA, but not the self-reported PAL, constitute an independent risk factor for high cardiovascular risk.

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          Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study.

          To estimate the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), using current clinical and epidemiological techniques, among the adult population of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This population-based survey used a probabilistic three-stage cluster sample of Sao Paulo inhabitants to represent the population according to gender, age (20-80 years), and socio-economic status. Face-to-face interviews and in-lab full-night polysomnographies using a nasal cannula were performed. The prevalence of OSAS was determined according to the criteria of the most recent International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICDS-2) from American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2005). A total of 1042 volunteers underwent polysomnography (refusal rate=5.4%). The mean age+/-SD was 42+/-14 years; 55% were women and 60% had a body mass index>25 kg/m(2). OSAS was observed in 32.8% of the participants (95% CI, 29.6-36.3). A multivariate logistic regression model identified several independent and strong associations for the presence of OSAS: men had greater association than women (OR=4.1; 95% CI, 2.9-5.8; P<0.001) and obese individuals (OR=10.5; 95% CI, 7.1-15.7; P<0.001) than individuals of normal weight. The adjusted association factor increased with age, reaching OR=34.5 (95% CI, 18.5-64.2; P<0.001) for 60-80 year olds when compared to the 20-29 year old group. Low socio-economic status was a protective factor for men (OR=0.4), but was an associated factor for women (OR=2.4). Self-reported menopause explained this increased association (age adjusted OR=2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.9; P<0.001), and it was more frequent in the lowest class (43.1%) than either middle class (26.1%) or upper class (27.8%) women. This study is the first apnea survey of a large metropolitan area in South America identifying a higher prevalence of OSAS than found in other epidemiological studies. This can be explained by the use of the probabilistic sampling process achieving a very low polysomnography refusal rate, the use of current techniques and clinical criteria, inclusion of older groups, and the higher prevalence of obesity in the studied population. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr.

            The prevalence and related clinical features of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH) in the general population were estimated in a two-phase cross-sectional study. The first phase, completed by 2,148 subjects (76.9%), included a home survey, blood pressure, and a portable respiratory recording, whereas in the second, subjects with suspected OSAH (n = 442) and a subgroup of those with normal results (n = 305) were invited to undergo polysomnography (555 accepted). Habitual snoring was found in 35% of the population and breathing pauses in 6%. Both features occurred more frequently in men, showed a trend to increase with age, and were significantly associated with OSAH. Daytime hypersomnolence occurred in 18% of the subjects and was not associated with OSAH. An apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > or = 10 was found in 19% of men and 15% of women. The prevalence of OSAH (AHI > or = 5) increased with age in both sexes, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.2 for each 10-yr increase. AHI was associated with hypertension after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, neck circumference, alcohol use, and smoking habit. This study adds evidence for a link between OSAH and hypertension.
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              Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis.

              Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction that result in recurrent arousals and episodic oxyhemoglobin desaturations during sleep. Significant clinical consequences of the disorder cover a wide spectrum, including daytime hypersomnolence, neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and cor pulmonale. The major risk factors for the disorder include obesity, male gender, and age. Current understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of the disorder suggests that a balance of anatomically imposed mechanical loads and compensatory neuromuscular responses are important in maintaining upper airway patency during sleep. OSA develops in the presence of both elevated mechanical loads on the upper airway and defects in compensatory neuromuscular responses. A sleep history and physical examination is important in identification of patients and appropriate referral for polysomnography. Understanding nuances in the spectrum of presenting complaints and polysomnography correlates are important for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Knowledge of common patterns of OSA may help to identify patients and guide therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcher
                Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias
                Rev. chil. enferm. respir.
                Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-7348
                March 2019
                : 35
                : 1
                : 22-32
                Affiliations
                [4] orgnameInstituto Nacional del Tórax orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Respiratoria Chile
                [5] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Mayor orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Chile
                [1] orgnameInstituto Nacional del Tórax orgdiv1Unidad de Medicina del Sueño Chile
                [2] orgnameClínica MEDS orgdiv1Unidad Académica Chile
                [3] Santiago de Chile orgnameHospital del Salvador orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Chile
                [6] orgnameServicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente orgdiv1Programa de Salud Cardiovascular Chile
                Article
                S0717-73482019000100022
                4a11afd2-b4f1-4675-8c38-d693bada9126

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Chile

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                factores de riesgo,Sleep apnea, obstructive,cardiovascular diseases,risk factors,exercise,logistic models,health surveys,Apnea obstructiva del sueño,enfermedades cardiovasculares,ejercicio,modelos logísticos,encuestas de salud

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