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      Ion Channels at the Nucleus: Electrophysiology Meets the Genome

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          Abstract

          The nuclear envelope is increasingly viewed from an electrophysiological perspective by researchers interested in signal transduction pathways that influence gene transcription and other processes in the nucleus. Here, we describe evidence for ion channels and transporters in the nuclear membranes and for possible ion gating by the nuclear pores. We argue that a systems-level understanding of cellular regulation is likely to require the assimilation of nuclear electrophysiology into molecular and biochemical signaling pathways.

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          Expanded dynamic range of fluorescent indicators for Ca(2+) by circularly permuted yellow fluorescent proteins.

          Takeharu Nagai, Shuichi Yamada, Takashi Tominaga … (2004)
          Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology has been used to develop genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for various cellular functions. Although most indicators have cyan- and yellow-emitting fluorescent proteins (CFP and YFP) as FRET donor and acceptor, their poor dynamic range often prevents detection of subtle but significant signals. Here, we optimized the relative orientation of the two chromophores in the Ca(2+) indicator, yellow cameleon (YC), by fusing YFP at different angles. We generated circularly permuted YFPs (cpYFPs) that showed efficient maturation and acid stability. One of the cpYFPs incorporated in YC absorbs a great amount of excited energy from CFP in its Ca(2+)-saturated form, thereby increasing the Ca(2+)-dependent change in the ratio of YFP/CFP by nearly 600%. Both in cultured cells and in the nervous system of transgenic mice, the new YC enables visualization of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics with better spatial and temporal resolution than before. Our study provides an important guide for the development and improvement of indicators using GFP-based FRET.
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            Coordinating nodule morphogenesis with rhizobial infection in legumes.

            Giles E D Oldroyd, J. Downie (2008)
            The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell layers away from the sites of infection. Several recent developments have added to our understanding of the signaling events in the epidermis associated with the perception of rhizobial nodulation factors and the role of plant hormones in the activation of cell division leading to nodule morphogenesis. This review focuses on the tissue-specific nature of the developmental processes associated with nodulation and the mechanisms by which these processes are coordinated during the formation of a nodule.
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              FG-rich repeats of nuclear pore proteins form a three-dimensional meshwork with hydrogel-like properties.

              Steffen Frey, Ralf P Richter, Dirk Görlich (2006)
              Nuclear pore complexes permit rapid passage of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors, but otherwise suppress nucleocytoplasmic fluxes of inert macromolecules >/=30 kilodaltons. To explain this selectivity, a sieve structure of the permeability barrier has been proposed that is created through reversible cross-linking between Phe and Gly (FG)-rich nucleoporin repeats. According to this model, nuclear transport receptors overcome the size limit of the sieve and catalyze their own nuclear pore-passage by a competitive disruption of adjacent inter-repeat contacts, which transiently opens adjoining meshes. Here, we found that phenylalanine-mediated inter-repeat interactions indeed cross-link FG-repeat domains into elastic and reversible hydrogels. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that such hydrogel formation is required for viability in yeast.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Plant
                Journal ID (hwp): mplant
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mplant
                Title: Molecular Plant
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1674-2052
                ISSN (Electronic): 1752-9867
                Publication date (Print): July 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 April 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 April 2010
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 642-652
                Affiliations
                [a ]Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
                [b ]Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
                Author notes
                [1 ]To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail antonius.matzke@ 123456gmi.oeaw.ac.at , fax +43-1-79044-9801, tel. +43-1-79044-9800.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq013
                PMC ID: 2910552
                PubMed ID: 20410254
                SO-VID: 4a13d162-94b1-4432-a7ca-b2c6c2f36f74
                Copyright © © The Author 2010. Published by the Molecular Plant Shanghai Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of CSPP and IPPE, SIBS, CAS.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 8 February 2010
                Date accepted : 12 March 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: nuclear pore,nuclear electrophysiology,ion channel,nuclear ca+2 signaling,nuclear membrane
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: nuclear pore, nuclear electrophysiology, ion channel, nuclear ca+2 signaling, nuclear membrane

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