Application of ionic liquids for dissolving cellulose and fabricating cellulose-based materials: state of the art and future trends

Author(s): Jinming Zhang ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Jin Wu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Jian Yu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Xiaoyu Zhang ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ , Jiasong He ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Jun Zhang ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2017

Journal: Materials Chemistry Frontiers

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

Herein, this review article aims to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of research progress in the dissolution and processing of cellulose with ionic liquids.

Abstract

Cellulose, a well-known fascinating biopolymer, has been considered to be a sustainable feedstock of energy sources and chemical engineering in the future. However, due to its highly ordered structure and strong hydrogen bonding network, cellulose is neither meltable nor soluble in conventional solvents, which limits the extent of its application. Therefore, the search for powerful and eco-friendly solvents for cellulose processing has been a key issue in this field for decades. More recently, certain ionic liquids (ILs) have been found to be able to efficiently dissolve cellulose, providing a new and versatile platform for cellulose processing and functionalization. A series of cellulose-based materials, such as films, fibers, gels and composites, have been produced readily with the aid of ILs. This review article highlights recent advances in the field of dissolution and processing of cellulose with ILs. It is hoped that this review work will stimulate a wide range of research studies and collaborations, leading to significant progress in this area.

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Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper.

Victor Pushparaj, Manikoth Shaijumon, Ashavani Kumar … (2007)

There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. To build such fully flexible and robust electrochemical devices, multiple components with specific electrochemical and interfacial properties need to be integrated into single units. Here we show that these basic components, the electrode, separator, and electrolyte, can all be integrated into single contiguous nanocomposite units that can serve as building blocks for a variety of thin mechanically flexible energy storage devices. Nanoporous cellulose paper embedded with aligned carbon nanotube electrode and electrolyte constitutes the basic unit. The units are used to build various flexible supercapacitor, battery, hybrid, and dual-storage battery-in-supercapacitor devices. The thin freestanding nanocomposite paper devices offer complete mechanical flexibility during operation. The supercapacitors operate with electrolytes including aqueous solvents, room temperature ionic liquids, and bioelectrolytes and over record temperature ranges. These easy-to-assemble integrated nanocomposite energy-storage systems could provide unprecedented design ingenuity for a variety of devices operating over a wide range of temperature and environmental conditions.

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Ionic liquid processing of cellulose.

Hui WANG, Gabriela Gurau, Robin Rogers (2012)

Utilization of natural polymers has attracted increasing attention because of the consumption and over-exploitation of non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil. The development of green processing of cellulose, the most abundant biorenewable material on Earth, is urgent from the viewpoints of both sustainability and environmental protection. The discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs, salts which melt below 100 °C) provides new opportunities for the processing of this biopolymer, however, many fundamental and practical questions need to be answered in order to determine if this will ultimately be a green or sustainable strategy. In this critical review, the open fundamental questions regarding the interactions of cellulose with both the IL cations and anions in the dissolution process are discussed. Investigations have shown that the interactions between the anion and cellulose play an important role in the solvation of cellulose, however, opinions on the role of the cation are conflicting. Some researchers have concluded that the cations are hydrogen bonding to this biopolymer, while others suggest they are not. Our review of the available data has led us to urge the use of more chemical units of solubility, such as 'g cellulose per mole of IL' or 'mol IL per mol hydroxyl in cellulose' to provide more consistency in data reporting and more insight into the dissolution mechanism. This review will also assess the greenness and sustainability of IL processing of biomass, where it would seem that the choices of cation and anion are critical not only to the science of the dissolution, but to the ultimate 'greenness' of any process (142 references).