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      Renewables-to-reefs? - Decommissioning options for the offshore wind power industry.

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          Abstract

          The offshore wind power industry is relatively new but increasing globally, hence it is important that the whole life-cycle is managed. The construction-operation-decommissioning cycle is likely to take 20-30 years and whilst decommissioning may not be undertaken for many years, its management needs to be addressed in both current and future marine management regimes. This can be defined within a Drivers-Activities-Pressures-State Changes-Impacts (on human Welfare)-Responses framework. This paper considers the main decommissioning options - partial or complete removal of all components. A SWOT analysis shows environmental and economic benefits in partial as opposed to complete removal, especially if habitat created on the structures has conservation or commercial value. Benefits (and repercussions) are defined in terms of losses and gains of ecosystem services and societal benefits. The legal precedents and repercussions of both options are considered in terms of the 10-tenets of sustainable marine management. Finally a 'renewables-to-reefs' programme is proposed.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Mar. Pollut. Bull.
          Marine pollution bulletin
          1879-3363
          0025-326X
          Jan 15 2015
          : 90
          : 1-2
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK. Electronic address: k.smyth@hull.ac.uk.
          [2 ] The Law School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
          [3 ] Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
          [4 ] The Business School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
          Article
          S0025-326X(14)00729-2
          10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.045
          25467865
          4a601d7f-6160-41a6-83ec-59fc4331fb92
          Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
          History

          DPSIR framework,Decommissioning,Ecosystem services assessment,Offshore wind power,Renewables-to-reefs,SWOT analysis

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