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      Factor structure and construct validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) among Portuguese college students Translated title: Estrutura fatorial e validade de construto da escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) entre alunos universitários em Portugal Translated title: La estructura del factor y la validez de constructo del Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) entre los estudiantes universitarios en Portugal

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale has been presented as a reliable and valid measure to assess generalized anxiety symptoms in several clinical settings and among the general population. However, some researches did not support the original one-dimensional structure of the GAD-7 tool. Our main aim was to examine the factor structure of GAD-7 comparing the one-factor model fit with a two-factor model (3 somatic nature symptoms and 4 cognitive-emotional nature symptoms) in a sample of college students. This validation study with data collected cross-sectionally included 1,031 Portuguese college students attending courses in the six schools of the Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Measures included the GAD-7, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the University Student Risk Behaviors Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) procedures confirmed that neither factor structure was well fitting. Thus, a modified single factor model allowing the error terms of items associated with relaxing difficulties and irritability to covary was an appropriate solution. Additionally, this factor structure revealed configural and metric invariance across gender. A good convergent validity was found by correlating global anxiety and depression. However, this measure showed a weak association with consumption behaviors. Our results are relevant to clinical practice, since the comprehensive approach to GAD-7 contributes to knowing generalized anxiety symptoms trajectory and their correlates within the university setting.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) tem sido apresentada como medida confiável e válida para avaliar os sintomas da ansiedade generalizada em diversos contextos clínicos e na população geral. Entretanto, algumas pesquisas deixam de apoiar a estrutura unidimensional original da ferramenta GAD-7. O estudo teve como objetivo principal examinar a estrutura fatorial da GAD-7, comparando o ajuste do modelo com um fator versus dois fatores (três sintomas de natureza somática e quatro sintomas de natureza cognitivo-emocional) em uma amostra de alunos universitários. O estudo de validação, com coleta de dados transversais, incluiu 1.031 universitários portugueses matriculados nas seis escolas do Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. As medidas incluíram a escala GAD-7, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) e University Student Risk Behaviors Questionnaire. Os procedimentos da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) confirmaram que nenhuma das estruturas fatoriais demonstrou bom ajuste. Portanto, uma solução apropriada seria um modelo unifatorial modificado que permitisse a covariância dos termos de erro dos itens associados a dificuldades de relaxamento e irritabilidade. Além disso, essa estrutura fatorial revelou invariância métrica e de configuração entre os sexos. Foi encontrada uma boa validade convergente ao correlacionar a ansiedade global com a depressão. Entretanto, essa medida mostrou fraca associação com comportamentos de consumo. Nossos resultados são relevantes para a prática clínica, uma vez que a abordagem abrangente à escala GAD-7 contribui para o conhecimento da história dos sintomas de ansiedade generalizada e seus correlatos no contexto universitário.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: La escala de la Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) se ha presentado como una medida confiable y válida para evaluar los síntomas de ansiedad generalizada en varios contextos clínicos y entre la población en general. Sin embargo, algunas investigaciones no apoyan la estructura original unidimensional de la herramienta GAD-7. Nuestro objetivo principal fue examinar la estructura de factores de GAD-7 comparando el ajuste de modelo de un factor con un modelo de dos factores (tres síntomas de naturaleza somática y cuatro síntomas de naturaleza cognitivo-emocional) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. Este estudio de validación con datos recogidos transversalmente incluyó 1.031 estudiantes universitarios portugueses que asisten a cursos en las seis escuelas del Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Las medidas incluyeron el GAD-7, la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) y University Student Risk Behaviors Questionnaire. Los procedimientos de análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) confirmaron que ninguna de las estructuras de factores era adecuada. Así, un modelo de factor único modificado que permite los términos de error de los elementos asociados con las dificultades de relajación y la irritabilidad a covaria fue una solución adecuada. Adicionalmente, esta estructura de factores reveló la invariancia configural y métrica a través del género. Se encontró una buena validez convergente al correlacionar la ansiedad y la depresión globales. Sin embargo, esta medida mostró una asociación débil con los comportamientos de consumo. Nuestros resultados son relevantes para la práctica clínica, ya que el enfoque integral de GAD-7 contribuye a conocer la trayectoria de síntomas ansiedad generalizada y sus correlatos en el ámbito universitario.

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          Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

          Although mental disorders are significant predictors of educational attainment throughout the entire educational career, most research on mental disorders among students has focused on the primary and secondary school years.
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            Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance.

            Confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance (MI) based on the chi-square statistic are known to be highly sensitive to sample size. For this reason, G. W. Cheung and R. B. Rensvold (2002) recommended using alternative fit indices (AFIs) in MI investigations. In this article, the authors investigated the performance of AFIs with simulated data known to not be invariant. The results indicate that AFIs are much less sensitive to sample size and are more sensitive to a lack of invariance than chi-square-based tests of MI. The authors suggest reporting differences in comparative fit index (CFI) and R. P. McDonald's (1989) noncentrality index (NCI) to evaluate whether MI exists. Although a general value of change in CFI (.002) seemed to perform well in the analyses, condition specific change in McDonald's NCI values exhibited better performance than a single change in McDonald's NCI value. Tables of these values are provided as are recommendations for best practices in MI testing. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2017
                : 33
                : 9
                : e00212716
                Affiliations
                [1] Aveiro orgnameUniversidade de Aveiro orgdiv1Departamento de Educação e Psicologia Portugal
                [2] Aveiro orgnameUniversidade de Aveiro orgdiv1Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde Portugal
                [3] Aveiro orgnameUniversidade de Aveiro orgdiv1Centro de Investigação em Didática e Tecnologia na Formação de Formadores Portugal
                Article
                S0102-311X2017001204002 S0102-311X(17)03300904002
                10.1590/0102-311x00212716
                28977285
                4a7046bf-2f10-4ff1-be06-fd3342b57848

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 June 2017
                : 15 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Methodological Issues

                Estudantes,Ansiedad,Surveys and Questionnaires,Students,Estudiantes,Encuestas y Cuestionarios,Ansiedade,Inquéritos e Questionários,Anxiety

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