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      Pervasive Resistance to Pyrethroids in German Cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) Related to Lack of Efficacy of Total Release Foggers

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          Abstract

          Despite limited efficacy data, do-it-yourself (DIY) insecticide products often promise low-cost alternatives to professional pest control. Total release foggers (TRFs, ‘bug bombs’), which are prominent DIY products, were recently shown to be ineffective at reducing German cockroach ( Blattella germanica L.) infestations, in contrast to highly effective baits. However, the reason(s) for TRF failure remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated insecticide resistance of apartment-collected cockroaches from homes where TRFs failed. In topical (direct) application assays, resistance to cypermethrin (a common active ingredient in TRFs) was 202 ± 33 times that of a laboratory insecticide-susceptible population (based on LD 50 ratios), while resistance to fipronil, a common bait active ingredient, was considerably lower at 14 ± 2 times that of the laboratory insecticide-susceptible population. The addition of PBO, a P450 inhibitor that synergizes pyrethroids, enhanced the efficacy of cypermethrin, but only at high doses of cypermethrin. Additionally, >96% of screened cockroaches possessed at least one copy of the L993F mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel, known to confer resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance, kdr). Because TRF treatments killed insecticide-susceptible sentinel cockroaches but failed to kill apartment-collected cockroaches, these results suggest that pyrethroid resistance is a major factor contributing to the failure of TRFs. Multiple mechanisms of resistance, including metabolic detoxification of the pyrethroids and kdr mutations that confer target-site insensitivity, suggest that TRFs would lack efficacy against German cockroaches in residential settings, where high levels of pyrethroid resistance have been documented globally.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Role: Editor
          Journal
          J Econ Entomol
          J. Econ. Entomol
          jee
          Journal of Economic Entomology
          Oxford University Press (US )
          0022-0493
          1938-291X
          September 2019
          23 May 2019
          23 September 2020
          : 112
          : 5
          : 2295-2301
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC
          [2 ] W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC
          [3 ] Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC
          Author notes
          Corresponding author, e-mail: zcdevrie@ 123456ncsu.edu
          Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
          Present address: North American Plant Protection Organization, Raleigh, NC 27606
          Author information
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-7269
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-3679
          http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-6358
          Article
          PMC6756776 PMC6756776 6756776 toz120
          10.1093/jee/toz120
          6756776
          31121031
          4a918229-8112-4c94-93bc-378ec3fe2f82
          © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

          This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model ( https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

          History
          : 03 March 2019
          : 08 April 2019
          Page count
          Pages: 7
          Funding
          Funded by: Blanton J. Whitmire Endowment at North Carolina State University
          Funded by: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Healthy Homes
          Award ID: NCHHU0017-11
          Funded by: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
          Award ID: PE-95450709
          Funded by: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 10.13039/100000066
          Award ID: P30ES025128
          Funded by: David R. Nimocks Jr. Fellowship
          Funded by: Foundation for Agromedicine and Toxicology
          Funded by: Pi Chi Omega
          Funded by: Entomological Society of America 10.13039/100006291
          Categories
          Household and Structural Insects

          do-it-yourself pest control, kdr ,cypermethrin,topical application

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