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      Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10: A psychometric study in Chinese university students

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          Abstract

          Chinese university students often suffer from acute stress, which can affect their mental health. We measured and evaluated perceived stress in this population using the Simplified Chinese version of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (SCPSS-10). The SCPSS-10, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) were conducted in 1096 university students. Two weeks later, 129 participants were re-tested using the SCPSS-10. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors with Eigen values of 4.76 and 1.48, accounting for 62.41% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit of this two-factor model. The internal consistency reliability, as measured by Cronbach’s α, was 0.85. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.7. The SCPSS-10 exhibited high correlation with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, indicating an acceptable concurrent validity. The SCPSS-10 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties in Chinese university students.

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          Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants

          Neil Schneiderman, Gail Ironson, Scott D Siegel (2005)
          Stressors have a major influence upon mood, our sense of well-being, behavior, and health. Acute stress responses in young, healthy individuals may be adaptive and typically do not impose a health burden. However, if the threat is unremitting, particularly in older or unhealthy individuals, the long-term effects of stressors can damage health. The relationship between psychosocial stressors and disease is affected by the nature, number, and persistence of the stressors as well as by the individual's biological vulnerability (i.e., genetics, constitutional factors), psychosocial resources, and learned patterns of coping. Psychosocial interventions have proven useful for treating stress-related disorders and may influence the course of chronic diseases.
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            Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).

            Eduardo Remor (2006)
            This paper presents evidence from a heterogeneous sample of 440 Spanish adults, for the reliability and validity of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The European Spanish version PSS (14-item) demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency, alpha = .81, and test-retest, r = .73), validity (concurrent), and sensitivity. Additional data indicate adequate reliability (alpha = .82, test-retest, r = .77), validity, and sensitivity of a 10-item short version of the PSS.
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              Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke

              Doris YP Leung, Tai Lam, Sophia Chan (2010)
              Background Smoking causes heart disease, the major cause of death in China and Hong Kong. Stress is one major trigger of smoking and relapse, and understanding stress among smoking cardiac patients can therefore help in designing effective interventions to motivate them to quit. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and to compare the appropriateness of the three versions of the scale (PSS-14, PSS-10, and PSS-4) among Chinese cardiac patients who were also smokers. Methods From March 2002 to December 2004, 1860 cardiac patients who smoked were recruited at the cardiac outpatient clinics of ten acute hospitals in Hong Kong, and 1800 questionnaires were analysed. Participants completed a questionnaire including the PSS, nicotine dependence and certain demographic variables. The psychometric properties of the PSS were investigated: construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability using Cronbach's alpha and concurrent validity by examining the relationship with smoking- and health-related variables. Results For all the three versions of the PSS, confirmatory factor analyses corroborated the 2-factor structure of the scale, with the positive and negative factors correlating significantly and negatively to a moderate extent (r 0.5). All the correlations of the two subscales and the smoking- and health-related variables were statistically significant and in the expected directions although of small magnitudes, except daily cigarette consumption. Conclusions The findings confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of all three Chinese versions of PSS. We recommend the use of PSS-10 for research which focuses on the two components of perceived stress, as it shows a higher reliability; and the use of PSS-4 if such partition is not essential and space for multiple measures is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wei Lu: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Qian Bian: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Validation
                Wenzheng Wang: Role: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: Visualization
                Xiaoling Wu: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Zhen Wang: Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Min Zhao:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-3050
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Yong-hui Dang: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 December 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0189543
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
                [2 ] Academic Affairs Office, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
                Xi′an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-3050
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-27628
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189543
                PMC ID: 5734731
                PubMed ID: 29252989
                SO-VID: 4aa16242-d5cf-41ab-876b-51a97ecc4dce
                Copyright © © 2017 Lu et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 24 July 2017
                Date accepted : 27 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: the Ministry of Science and Technology Project
                Award ID: 2009BAI77B08
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-3050
                Funded by: Shanghai One Hundred Talent Project in health division
                Award ID: XBR2011015
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81371486
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology Project (2009BAI77B08), Shanghai One Hundred Talent Project in health division (XBR2011015), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81371486).
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Mood Disorders
                Subject: Depression
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Anxiety
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Anxiety
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Factor Analysis
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Mathematics
                Subject: Statistics (Mathematics)
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Factor Analysis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Subject: Anxiety Disorders
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Neuroses
                Subject: Anxiety Disorders
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Assessment
                Subject: Research Validity
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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