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      Weevil Borers Affect the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Banana Fusarium Wilt

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          Abstract

          Dispersal of propagules of a pathogen has remarkable effects on the development of epidemics. Previous studies suggested that insect pests play a role in the development of Fusarium wilt (FW) epidemics in banana fields. We provided complementary evidence for the involvement of two insect pests of banana, the weevil borer ( Cosmopolites sordidus L., WB) and the false weevil borer ( Metamasius hemipterus L., FWB), in the dispersal of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense ( Foc) using a comparative epidemiology approach under field conditions. Two banana plots located in a field with historical records of FW epidemics were used; one was managed with Beauveria bassiana to reduce the population of weevils, and the other was left without B. bassiana applications. The number of WB and FWB was monitored biweekly and the FW incidence was quantified bimonthly during two years. The population of WB and the incidence (6.7%) of FW in the plot managed with B. bassiana were lower than in the plot left unmanaged (13%). The monomolecular model best fitted the FW disease progress data, and as expected, the average estimated disease progress rate was lower in the plot managed with the entomopathogenic fungus ( r = 0.002) compared to the unmanaged plot ( r = 0.006). Aggregation of FW was higher in the field with WB management. WB affected the spatial and temporal dynamics of FW epidemics under field conditions. Management of the insects may reduce yield loss due to FW.

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          Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies.

          Panama disease of banana, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is a serious constraint both to the commercial production of banana and cultivation for subsistence agriculture. Previous work has indicated that F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense consists of several clonal lineages that may be genetically distant. In this study we tested whether lineages of the Panama disease pathogen have a monophyletic origin by comparing DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. DNA sequences were obtained for translation elongation factor 1alpha and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA genes for F. oxysporum strains from banana, pathogenic strains from other hosts and putatively nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. Cladograms for the two genes were highly concordant and a partition-homogeneity test indicated the two datasets could be combined. The tree inferred from the combined dataset resolved five lineages corresponding to "F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense" with a large dichotomy between two taxa represented by strains most commonly isolated from bananas with Panama disease. The results also demonstrate that the latter two taxa have significantly different chromosome numbers. F. oxysporum isolates collected as nonpathogenic or pathogenic to other hosts that have very similar or identical elongation factor 1alpha and mitochondrial small subunit genotypes as banana pathogens were shown to cause little or no disease on banana. Taken together, these results indicate Panama disease of banana is caused by fungi with independent evolutionary origins.
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            Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data

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              spatstat: AnRPackage for Analyzing Spatial Point Patterns

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                J Fungi (Basel)
                J Fungi (Basel)
                jof
                Journal of Fungi
                MDPI
                2309-608X
                24 April 2021
                May 2021
                : 7
                : 5
                : 329
                Affiliations
                Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; dwinterheck@ 123456gmail.com (D.W.H.); gabriel.alves2@ 123456ufv.br (G.A.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mizubuti@ 123456ufv.br
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7059-5201
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-5155
                Article
                jof-07-00329
                10.3390/jof7050329
                8145879
                33923241
                4aa644d7-22f1-4ff3-aa5d-27c3c402424f
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 01 April 2021
                : 22 April 2021
                Categories
                Article

                fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,panama disease,spatio-temporal dynamic,cosmopolites sordidus,metamasius hemipterus

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