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      Vascular access through the intraosseous route in pediatric emergencies Translated title: Acesso vascular por via intraóssea em emergências pediátricas

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          Abstract

          Obtaining venous access in critically ill children is an essential procedure to restore blood volume and administer drugs during pediatric emergencies. The first option for vascular access is through a peripheral vein puncture. If this route cannot be used or if a prolonged period of access is necessary, then the intraosseous route is an effective option for rapid and safe venous access. The present work is a descriptive and exploratory literature review. The study's aim was to describe the techniques, professional responsibilities, and care related to obtaining venous access via the intraosseous route in pediatric emergencies. We selected 22 articles (published between 2000 and 2011) that were available in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and MEDLINE databases and the SciELO electronic library, in addition to the current protocol of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the American Heart Association (2010). After the literature search, data were pooled and grouped into the following categories of analysis: historical aspects and physiological principles; indications, benefits, and contraindications; professional assignments; technical principles; care during the access; and possible complications. The results of the present study revealed that the intraosseous route is considered the main secondary option for vascular access during the emergency response because the technique is quick and easily executed, presents several non-collapsible puncture sites, and enables the rapid and effective administration of drugs and fluid replacement.

          Translated abstract

          A obtenção do acesso venoso em crianças gravemente enfermas é um procedimento essencial para o restabelecimento da volemia e a administração de fármacos nas emergências pediátricas. A primeira opção para obtenção de acesso vascular é pela punção de uma veia periférica. Quando essa via não pode ser utilizada ou sua obtenção se torna demorada, a via intraóssea consiste em efetiva opção para obtenção de um acesso venoso rápido e seguro. O presente estudo possui caráter descritivo e exploratório, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, com o objetivo de descrever os princípios técnicos, as atribuições profissionais e os cuidados relacionados à obtenção do acesso venoso pela via intraóssea em emergências pediátricas. Foram selecionados 22 artigos disponibilizados nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE e na biblioteca eletrônica SciELO, publicados entre o período de 2000 a 2011, além do protocolo vigente de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar da American Heart Association , de 2010. Após a leitura das publicações, os dados foram agrupados, possibilitando a construção de cinco categorias de análise: aspectos históricos e princípios fisiológicos; indicações, vantagens e contraindicações; atribuições dos profissionais; princípios técnicos; cuidados com o acesso; e possíveis complicações. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a via intraóssea consolida-se, hoje, como uma segunda opção de acesso vascular no atendimento a emergências, por ser uma técnica de fácil e rápida execução, apresentar vários sítios de punção não colapsáveis e permitir que a administração de fármacos e a reposição volêmica sejam rápidas e eficazes.

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              Intraosseous access.

              Vascular access is of paramount importance in the care of the critically ill patient. When central or peripheral intravenous access cannot be accomplished in a timely manner, intraosseous access and infusion is a rapid and safe alternative for the delivery of fluids, medications, and blood products. The resurgence of the use of intraosseous access in the 1980s led to the development of new methods and devices that facilitate insertion. This article discusses general indications, contraindications, and complications of intraosseous access and infusion, focusing on new devices and their insertion. Current research is focused on product innovation and improving drug delivery using intraosseous autoinjectors, finding new anatomic sites for placement, and expanding the use of different intraosseous devices to the adult population. New, improved intraosseous systems provide health care providers with choices beyond traditional manual intraosseous access for administering fluids. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação Brasileira de Medicina intensiva
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Oct-Dec 2012
                : 24
                : 4
                : 407-414
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Universitário São José - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                [2 ] Centro Universitário Una - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                [3 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais - PUC-Minas - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                [4 ] Hospital Municipal Odilon Behrens - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                [5 ] Faculdade Estácio - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                [6 ] Admission Unit, Hospital Belo Horizonte - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Ricardo Américo Ribeiro de Sá. Rua Rio Pomba, 408 - Carlos Prates. Zip Code: 30720-290 - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. E-mail: ricardo_ars@ 123456msn.com
                Article
                10.1590/S0103-507X2012000400019
                4031810
                23917941
                4ab019f7-4108-41d7-a9fb-b166fe4fbc76

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 May 2012
                : 27 November 2012
                Categories
                Review Article

                infusions, intraosseous/methods,infusions, intraosseous/instrumentation,emergency nursing,critical care/methods,child

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