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      The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology

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          Most cited references59

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          Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

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            A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

            C Steele (1997)
            A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups (offering a new interpretation of group differences in standardized test performance), that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
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              Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress

              R. Carter (2007)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Race and Social Problems
                Race Soc Probl
                Springer Nature
                1867-1748
                1867-1756
                June 2014
                October 24 2013
                : 6
                : 2
                : 181-200
                Article
                10.1007/s12552-013-9107-9
                26913088
                4ab34f05-26e1-4619-b84f-e351f5944fd8
                © 2013
                History

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