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      Life cycle of medical oxygen from production to consumption

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          Abstract

          Oxygen is used extensively in illnesses involving respiratory system. In emergencies such as the one created by the flare of Covid-19, oxygen consumption has increased tremendously. This article aims to improve our understanding about the medical oxygen, its production (air separation unit, pressure swing adsorption, oxygen concentrators), the supply chain, storage methods, and the final delivery system to the patient. This article also provides a comprehensive review on the additions in the medical infrastructure during the time of oxygen crisis in India along with the introduction of certain novel approaches towards oxygen production and conservation. We aim to minimize the panic among our readers by giving them an insight about the course behind the oxygen supply in that oxygen mask.

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          Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Athletes. A Systematic Review

          Raul Omar Dominguez, Eduardo Cuenca, José Luis Maté-Muñoz … (2017)
          Athletes use nutritional supplementation to enhance the effects of training and achieve improvements in their athletic performance. Beetroot juice increases levels of nitric oxide (NO), which serves multiple functions related to increased blood flow, gas exchange, mitochondrial biogenesis and efficiency, and strengthening of muscle contraction. These biomarker improvements indicate that supplementation with beetroot juice could have ergogenic effects on cardiorespiratory endurance that would benefit athletic performance. The aim of this literature review was to determine the effects of beetroot juice supplementation and the combination of beetroot juice with other supplements on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. A keyword search of DialNet, MedLine, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases covered publications from 2010 to 2016. After excluding reviews/meta-analyses, animal studies, inaccessible full-text, and studies that did not supplement with beetroot juice and adequately assess cardiorespiratory endurance, 23 articles were selected for analysis. The available results suggest that supplementation with beetroot juice can improve cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes by increasing efficiency, which improves performance at various distances, increases time to exhaustion at submaximal intensities, and may improve the cardiorespiratory performance at anaerobic threshold intensities and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Although the literature shows contradictory data, the findings of other studies lead us to hypothesize that supplementing with beetroot juice could mitigate the ergolytic effects of hypoxia on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. It cannot be stated that the combination of beetroot juice with other supplements has a positive or negative effect on cardiorespiratory endurance, but it is possible that the effects of supplementation with beetroot juice can be undermined by interaction with other supplements such as caffeine.
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            Massage Therapy for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized Dose-Finding Trial

            Adam Perlman, Ather Ali, Valentine Njike … (2012)
            Background In a previous trial of massage for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, we demonstrated feasibility, safety and possible efficacy, with benefits that persisted at least 8 weeks beyond treatment termination. Methods We performed a RCT to identify the optimal dose of massage within an 8-week treatment regimen and to further examine durability of response. Participants were 125 adults with OA of the knee, randomized to one of four 8-week regimens of a standardized Swedish massage regimen (30 or 60 min weekly or biweekly) or to a Usual Care control. Outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), visual analog pain scale, range of motion, and time to walk 50 feet, assessed at baseline, 8-, 16-, and 24-weeks. Results WOMAC Global scores improved significantly (24.0 points, 95% CI ranged from 15.3–32.7) in the 60-minute massage groups compared to Usual Care (6.3 points, 95% CI 0.1–12.8) at the primary endpoint of 8-weeks. WOMAC subscales of pain and functionality, as well as the visual analog pain scale also demonstrated significant improvements in the 60-minute doses compared to usual care. No significant differences were seen in range of motion at 8-weeks, and no significant effects were seen in any outcome measure at 24-weeks compared to usual care. A dose-response curve based on WOMAC Global scores shows increasing effect with greater total time of massage, but with a plateau at the 60-minute/week dose. Conclusion Given the superior convenience of a once-weekly protocol, cost savings, and consistency with a typical real-world massage protocol, the 60-minute once weekly dose was determined to be optimal, establishing a standard for future trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00970008
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              Oxygen devices and delivery systems

              Georgia Hardavella, Ioannis Karampinis, Armin Frille … (2019)
              Oxygen use has extended from inpatient to outpatient settings for patients with chronic pulmonary diseases and complications of hypoxaemia. This article presents an overview of oxygen devices (oxygen concentrators, compressed gas cylinders and liquid oxygen) and delivery systems (high- and low-flow). The indications, advantages and disadvantages of each device and delivery system are presented, aiming to offer updated knowledge to the multidisciplinary team members managing patients with respiratory failure, and therefore allowing appropriate selection of devices and delivery systems that are tailored to the needs of each patient.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Family Med Prim Care
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Family Med Prim Care
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JFMPC
                Journal ID (publisher-id): J Family Med Prim Care
                Title: Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2249-4863
                ISSN (Electronic): 2278-7135
                Publication date (Print): April 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2022
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1231-1236
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Anesthesia, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
                [2 ] Ex- Senior Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
                [3 ] Consultant, Kirti IVF Clinic and Gynae Endoscopy Center, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Manish Jha, B-4, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan - 342 003, India. E-mail: manishjha18@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JFMPC-11-1231
                DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_956_21
                PMC ID: 9067174
                PubMed ID: 35516659
                SO-VID: 4ab4b9bc-f832-41ed-9191-203617c70b0d
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 May 2021
                Date revision received : 22 July 2021
                Date accepted : 06 October 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: covid-19,cryogenic air separator unit,cylinders,medical oxygen,oxygen,psa (pressure swing adsorption)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, cryogenic air separator unit, cylinders, medical oxygen, oxygen, psa (pressure swing adsorption)

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