Immunomodulation of Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine Applications

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Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising applications in medicine. Immune system is an important protective system to defend organisms from non-self matters. NPs interact with the immune system and modulate its function, leading to immunosuppression or immunostimulation. These modulating effects may bring benefits or danger. Compositions, sizes, and surface chemistry, and so forth, affect these immunomodulations. Here we give an overview of the relationship between the physicochemical properties of NPs, which are candidates to be applied in medicine, and their immunomodulation properties.

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Most cited references 186

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Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts.

Martin Lundqvist, Johannes Stigler, Giuliano Elia … (2008)

Nanoparticles in a biological fluid (plasma, or otherwise) associate with a range of biopolymers, especially proteins, organized into the "protein corona" that is associated with the nanoparticle and continuously exchanging with the proteins in the environment. Methodologies to determine the corona and to understand its dependence on nanomaterial properties are likely to become important in bionanoscience. Here, we study the long-lived ("hard") protein corona formed from human plasma for a range of nanoparticles that differ in surface properties and size. Six different polystyrene nanoparticles were studied: three different surface chemistries (plain PS, carboxyl-modified, and amine-modified) and two sizes of each (50 and 100 nm), enabling us to perform systematic studies of the effect of surface properties and size on the detailed protein coronas. Proteins in the corona that are conserved and unique across the nanoparticle types were identified and classified according to the protein functional properties. Remarkably, both size and surface properties were found to play a very significant role in determining the nanoparticle coronas on the different particles of identical materials. We comment on the future need for scientific understanding, characterization, and possibly some additional emphasis on standards for the surfaces of nanoparticles.

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Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system.

P Baeuerle, T. Henkel (1994)

NF-kappa B is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system. Among these properties are NF-kappa B's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling, and its potency to activate transcription of a great variety of genes encoding immunologically relevant proteins. In vertebrates, five distinct DNA binding subunits are currently known which might extensively heterodimerize, thereby forming complexes with distinct transcriptional activity, DNA sequence specificity, and cell type- and cell stage-specific distribution. The activity of DNA binding NF-kappa B dimers is tightly controlled by accessory proteins called I kappa B subunits of which there are also five different species currently known in vertebrates. I kappa B proteins inhibit DNA binding and prevent nuclear uptake of NF-kappa B complexes. An exception is the Bcl-3 protein which in addition can function as a transcription activating subunit in th nucleus. Other I kappa B proteins are rather involved in terminating NF-kappa B's activity in the nucleus. The intracellular events that lead to the inactivation of I kappa B, i.e. the activation of NF-kappa B, are complex. They involve phosphorylation and proteolytic reactions and seem to be controlled by the cells' redox status. Interference with the activation or activity of NF-kappa B may be beneficial in suppressing toxic/septic shock, graft-vs-host reactions, acute inflammatory reactions, acute phase response, and radiation damage. The inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by antioxidants and specific protease inhibitors may provide a pharmacological basis for interfering with these acute processes.

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Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications.

Ji-Ho Park, Luo Gu, Geoffrey von Maltzahn … (2009)

Nanomaterials that can circulate in the body hold great potential to diagnose and treat disease. For such applications, it is important that the nanomaterials be harmlessly eliminated from the body in a reasonable period of time after they carry out their diagnostic or therapeutic function. Despite efforts to improve their targeting efficiency, significant quantities of systemically administered nanomaterials are cleared by the mononuclear phagocytic system before finding their targets, increasing the likelihood of unintended acute or chronic toxicity. However, there has been little effort to engineer the self-destruction of errant nanoparticles into non-toxic, systemically eliminated products. Here, we present luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs) that can carry a drug payload and of which the intrinsic near-infrared photoluminescence enables monitoring of both accumulation and degradation in vivo. Furthermore, in contrast to most optically active nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and quantum dots), LPSiNPs self-destruct in a mouse model into renally cleared components in a relatively short period of time with no evidence of toxicity. As a preliminary in vivo application, we demonstrate tumour imaging using dextran-coated LPSiNPs (D-LPSiNPs). These results demonstrate a new type of multifunctional nanostructure with a low-toxicity degradation pathway for in vivo applications.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int

Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI

Title: BioMed Research International

Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

ISSN (Print): 2314-6133

ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141

Publication date (Print): 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 20 May 2014

Volume: 2014

Electronic Location Identifier: 426028

Affiliations

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

²Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA

³Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA

Author notes

*Qingxin Mu: qmu@ 123456u.washington.edu and

*Qiu Zhang: zhangqiu@ 123456sdu.edu.cn

Academic Editor: Sung Jean Park

Article

DOI: 10.1155/2014/426028

PMC ID: 4052466

PubMed ID: 24949448

SO-VID: 4abc72f8-8d49-4f94-9bba-e3360865a05e

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Immunomodulation of Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine Applications

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Abstract

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Electrospinning for biomedical applications

Most cited references 186

Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts.

Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system.

Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications.

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