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      Cryptosporidiosis in Colombian children with HIV/AIDS infection Translated title: Criptosporidiosis en niños colombianos con infección por VIH/SIDA

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Enteric cryptosporidiosis in children with HIV/AIDS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces, via the Ziehl Neelsen modified technique, among Colombian children with HIV/AIDS and to determine possible associations. Methodology: Prevalence study in 131 children with HIV/AIDS at the Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia. We evaluated clinical records, laboratory results, environmental factors, and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis included the estimation of prevalence of infection in children and the corresponding 95% confidence interval; estimation of other descriptive conditions of interest and the association analyses by multiple logistic regression. Results: In this group of children with a mean age of 57 months, we found a prevalence of infection of 29%, more frequently among male children and among those with vertical HIV transmission. The infection was also associated with abdominal pain, having pets inside the house and C stage for HIV, with >100,000 copies/ml of viral load and CD4 percentage >25%. Association analysis showed a larger risk of Cryptosporidium infection with older age, and among patients not living in Cali, with more severe status of HIV disease, previous hospitalizations, and dried oral mucosa. Factors found finally associated were older age, chronic undernutrition, living in day-care institutions and having previous hospitalizations. Conclusion: Almost a third of these children patients had Cryptosporidium infection, and it was found associated with age, previous hospitalizations, chronic undernutrition and living in day-care institutions.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: La criptosporidiosis entérica en niños infectados por VIH es una causa importante de enfermedad y muerte. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. en heces por medio de la técnica de Ziehl Neelsen modificada, en niños colombianos con infección por VIH/SIDA y establecer posibles asociaciones. Metodología: Estudio de prevalencia en 131 niños con infección por VIH/SIDA. Fueron consideradas variables clínicas, paraclínicas, ambientales y sociodemográficas. El análisis estadístico incluyó estimación de la prevalencia de infección en los niños y su correspondiente intervalo de confianza al 95%, la estimación de otras medidas descriptivas de interés y el análisis de asociación por regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: En esta población de niños con una edad promedio de 57 meses se encontró una prevalencia de 29% de infección, predominio del sexo masculino y el modo de transmisión vertical en VIH. La infección se asoció además con dolor abdominal, tenencia de animales en el intradomicilio y a estadio C para VIH, con >100.000 copias/ml de carga viral y porcentaje de CD4 >25%. En el análisis de asociación se encontró mayor oportunidad de infección por Cryptosporidium a mayor edad, en los pacientes de fuera de Cali, con mayor severidad del estadío para VIH, con hospitalizaciones previas, y con mucosa oral seca. Los factores finalmente asociados fueron la mayor edad, la DNT crónica, la convivencia en guarderías y las hospitalizaciones previas. Conclusión: Casi una tercera parte de los pacientes presentaron infección y esta se encontró asociada con la edad del niño, con hospitalizaciones previas, con convivencia en guarderías y DNT crónica.

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          Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait.

          To understand the transmission of Cryptosporidium infection in children, fecal specimens from 62 Kuwaiti children with gastrointestinal symptoms found to be positive by microscopy were genotyped and subtyped with a small subunit rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and a 60-kDa glycoprotein-based DNA sequencing tool. The median age of infected children was 4.5 years, and 77% of infections occurred during the cool season of November to April. Fifty-eight of the children (94%) had Cryptosporidium parvum, three (5%) had Cryptosporidium hominis, and one (1%) had both C. parvum and C. hominis. Altogether, 13 subtypes of C. parvum (belonging to four subtype allele families) and C. hominis (belonging to three subtype allele families) were observed, with 92% of specimens belonging to the common allele family IIa and the unusual allele family IId. Thus, the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children differed significantly from other tropical countries.
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            Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in ugandan children with persistent diarrhea with and without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

            Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are enteric pathogens that have emerged as significant causes of persistent diarrhea (PD) in immunologically compromised individuals particularly in association with HIV/AIDS. We conducted a cross-sectional study on the clinical epidemiology of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium in children with PD, with and without HIV/AIDS, attending Uganda's Mulago National Referral Hospital. Two hundred forty-three children aged 14 days), were analyzed for HIV status and CD4 lymphocyte counts, and stools were screened for the presence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium by microscopy and positive samples genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Eighty (32.9%) of the children were excreting E. bieneusi, and 76 (31.3%) were excreting Cryptosporidium. Ninety-one of the 243 children had HIV, of who 70 (76.9%) had E. bieneusi, versus 10 (6.6%) of the 152 without (odds ratio = 47.33; 95% CI = 19.88 to 115.97), while 67 (73.6%) had Cryptosporidium, versus 9 (5.9%) without (odds ratio = 44.36; 95% CI = 18.39 to 110.40). Children with counts < 25% CD4 cells were more likely to have either E. bieneusi (odds ratio = 7.42; 95% CI = 3.77 to 14.69) or Cryptosporidium (odds ratio = 6.45; 95% CI = 3.28 to 12.76) than those with higher CD4 percentages. However, only HIV status was independently associated with either Cryptosporidium or E. bieneusi. Among the 243 children with PD, 67 (27.8%) were infected with both enteric pathogens, with HIV being the only independent predictor of coinfection. Finally, some 81% of HIV-infected children with PD excreted one or both organisms, compared with only 10% of children with PD testing negative for HIV. Seventy-four percent of isolates were C. hominis, the anthroponotic species, 17% were C. parvum, the zoonotic species, and 8% were a mixture of the two or others.
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              Intestinal and systemic infection, HIV, and mortality in Zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition.

              Persistent diarrhea-malnutrition syndrome is a complex of infection and immune failure that involves protein, calorie and micronutrient depletion, and metabolic disturbances. We report an analysis of the impact of HIV infection on infectious disease, clinical presentation, and mortality in Zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition. Two hundred children (94 boys and 106 girls, 6-24 months old) were examined on admission to the malnutrition ward of University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. There was then 1 month of follow-up. Antibodies to HIV were found in 108 of the children (54%). The common intestinal infections (Cryptosporidium parvum [26%] and nontyphoid Salmonella spp [18%]), septicemia (17%), and pulmonary tuberculosis confirmed by gastric lavage (13.5%) were not significantly more common in HIV-seropositive than in HIV-seronegative children. HIV-seropositive children were more likely to have marasmus whereas HIV-seronegative children were more likely to have kwashiorkor. Weight-for-age z scores at nadir (postedema) were lower in HIV-seropositive children (median, -4.4; interquartile range [IQR], -5.0 to -3.8) than in HIV-seronegative children (median, -3.7; IQR, -4.2 to -3.1; P < 0.0001). Height-for-age and weight-for-height z scores and mid-upper arm circumference showed a similar difference. Of the 200 children, 39 (19.5%) died within 28 days; cryptosporidiosis and marasmus were the only independent predictors of death. Although intestinal and systemic infections did not differ for HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative children, HIV influenced nutritional states of all children. Cryptosporidiosis and marasmus were associated with higher mortality.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cm
                Colombia Médica
                Colomb. Med.
                Universidad del Valle (Cali, Valle, Colombia )
                1657-9534
                December 2011
                : 42
                : 4
                : 418-429
                Affiliations
                [03] Cali orgnameUniversidad del Valle orgdiv1Faculty of Health orgdiv2Director Head Director Pediatric Research Center Colombia
                [02] Cali orgnameUniversidad del Valle orgdiv1Faculty of Health orgdiv2Director Head of the School of Public Health Colombia fmendez@ 123456grupogesp.org
                [01] Cali orgnameUniversidad del Valle orgdiv1Faculty of Health orgdiv2Director Research Group GASTROHNUP Colombia carlos.velasco@ 123456correounivalle.edu.co
                Article
                S1657-95342011000400002 S1657-9534(11)04200402
                4ac28c90-7616-47e5-ace4-78eef525e973

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 April 2010
                : 14 September 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original articles

                Niños,Infección por VIH/SIDA,Prevalencia,Cryptosporidium spp,Children,HIV/AIDS infection,Prevalence

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