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      Design and validation of fiber optic localized surface plasmon resonance sensor for thyroglobulin immunoassay with high sensitivity and rapid detection

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          Abstract

          A simple optical fiber sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance was constructed for direct and rapid measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg). Specific tests for Tg in patients that have undergone thyroidectomy are limited because of insufficient sensitivity, complicated procedures, and in some cases, a long time to yield a result. A sensitive, fast, and simple method is necessary to relieve the psychological and physical burden of the patient. Various concentrations of Tg were measured in a microfluidic channel using an optical fiber sensor with gold nanoparticles. The sensor chip has a detection limit of 93.11 fg/mL with no specificity for other antigens. The potential applicability of the Tg sensing system was evaluated using arbitrary samples containing specific concentrations of Tg. Finally, the sensor can be employed to detect Tg in the patient’s serum, with a good correlation when compared with the commercial kit.

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          Current thyroid cancer trends in the United States.

          We have previously reported on a doubling of thyroid cancer incidence-largely due to the detection of small papillary cancers. Because they are commonly found in people who have died of other causes, and because thyroid cancer mortality had been stable, we argued that the increased incidence represented overdiagnosis. To determine whether thyroid cancer incidence has stabilized. Analysis of secular trends in patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer, 1975 to 2009, using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and thyroid cancer mortality from the National Vital Statistics System. Nine SEER areas (SEER 9): Atlanta, Georgia; Connecticut; Detroit, Michigan; Hawaii; Iowa; New Mexico; San Francisco-Oakland, California; Seattle-Puget Sound, Washington; and Utah. Men and women older than 18 years diagnosed as having a thyroid cancer between 1975 and 2009 who lived in the SEER 9 areas. None. Thyroid cancer incidence, histologic type, tumor size, and patient mortality. RESULTS Since 1975, the incidence of thyroid cancer has now nearly tripled, from 4.9 to 14.3 per 100,000 individuals (absolute increase, 9.4 per 100,000; relative rate [RR], 2.9; 95% CI, 2.7-3.1). Virtually the entire increase was attributable to papillary thyroid cancer: from 3.4 to 12.5 per 100,000 (absolute increase, 9.1 per 100,000; RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.4-4.0). The absolute increase in thyroid cancer in women (from 6.5 to 21.4 = 14.9 per 100,000 women) was almost 4 times greater than that of men (from 3.1 to 6.9 = 3.8 per 100,000 men). The mortality rate from thyroid cancer was stable between 1975 and 2009 (approximately 0.5 deaths per 100,000). There is an ongoing epidemic of thyroid cancer in the United States. The epidemiology of the increased incidence, however, suggests that it is not an epidemic of disease but rather an epidemic of diagnosis. The problem is particularly acute for women, who have lower autopsy prevalence of thyroid cancer than men but higher cancer detection rates by a 3:1 ratio.
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            Worldwide Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer: Update on Epidemiology and Risk Factors

            Background. In the last decades, thyroid cancer incidence has continuously and sharply increased all over the world. This review analyzes the possible reasons of this increase. Summary. Many experts believe that the increased incidence of thyroid cancer is apparent, because of the increased detection of small cancers in the preclinical stage. However, a true increase is also possible, as suggested by the observation that large tumors have also increased and gender differences and birth cohort effects are present. Moreover, thyroid cancer mortality, in spite of earlier diagnosis and better treatment, has not decreased but is rather increasing. Therefore, some environmental carcinogens in the industrialized lifestyle may have specifically affected the thyroid. Among potential carcinogens, the increased exposure to medical radiations is the most likely risk factor. Other factors specific for the thyroid like increased iodine intake and increased prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis cannot be excluded, while other factors like the increasing prevalence of obesity are not specific for the thyroid. Conclusions. The increased incidence of thyroid cancer is most likely due to a combination of an apparent increase due to more sensitive diagnostic procedures and of a true increase, a possible consequence of increased population exposure to radiation and to other still unrecognized carcinogens.
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              Making it stick: convection, reaction and diffusion in surface-based biosensors.

              The past decade has seen researchers develop and apply novel technologies for biomolecular detection, at times approaching hard limits imposed by physics and chemistry. In nearly all sensors, the transport of target molecules to the sensor can play as critical a role as the chemical reaction itself in governing binding kinetics, and ultimately performance. Yet rarely does an analysis of the interplay between diffusion, convection and reaction motivate experimental design or interpretation. Here we develop a physically intuitive and practical understanding of analyte transport for researchers who develop and employ biosensors based on surface capture. We explore the qualitatively distinct behaviors that result, develop rules of thumb to quickly determine how a given system will behave, and derive order-of-magnitude estimates for fundamental quantities of interest, such as fluxes, collection rates and equilibration times. We pay particular attention to collection limits for micro- and nanoscale sensors, and highlight unexplained discrepancies between reported values and theoretical limits.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                debobkr@gmail.com
                parkjae@dankook.ac.kr
                skilee@dankook.ac.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                6 August 2021
                6 August 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 15985
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411982.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0705 4288, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, , Dankook University, ; Yongin, 16890 South Korea
                [2 ]GRID grid.31501.36, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, Department of Chemistry Education, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 South Korea
                [3 ]GRID grid.412480.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0647 3378, Department of Nuclear Medicine, , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, ; Seongnam, 13620 South Korea
                Article
                95375
                10.1038/s41598-021-95375-y
                8346482
                34362953
                4acd830f-8be5-48c5-8efe-c8e1bf1a2742
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 March 2021
                : 19 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea
                Award ID: NRF-2019R1A2C1083969
                Award ID: NRF-2018R1A2B6001361
                Award Recipient :
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                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                biosensors,nanophotonics and plasmonics,nanotechnology in cancer,microfluidics,optical spectroscopy

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