Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China

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Abstract

Background

The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B ₁ (AFB ₁), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.

Methods

A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed (powder), 90 pig complete feed (pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China, respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.

Results

The incidence rates of AFB ₁, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were 80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %. Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB ₁, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.

Conclusion

The current data provide clear evidence that AFB ₁, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB ₁. Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.

Related collections

Most cited references 24

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Current Situation of Mycotoxin Contamination and Co-occurrence in Animal Feed—Focus on Europe

Elisabeth Streit, Gerd Schatzmayr, Panagiotis Tassis … (2012)

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi especially those belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillum and Fusarium. Mycotoxin contamination can occur in all agricultural commodities in the field and/or during storage, if conditions are favourable to fungal growth. Regarding animal feed, five mycotoxins (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A) are covered by EU legislation (regulation or recommendation). Transgressions of these limits are rarely observed in official monitoring programs. However, low level contamination by Fusarium toxins is very common (e.g., deoxynivalenol (DON) is typically found in more than 50% of the samples) and co-contamination is frequently observed. Multi-mycotoxin studies reported 75%–100% of the samples to contain more than one mycotoxin which could impact animal health at already low doses. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins is likely to arise for at least three different reasons (i) most fungi are able to simultaneously produce a number of mycotoxins, (ii) commodities can be contaminated by several fungi, and (iii) completed feed is made from various commodities. In the present paper, we reviewed the data published since 2004 concerning the contamination of animal feed with single or combinations of mycotoxins and highlighted the occurrence of these co-contaminations.

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Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients

E.M. Binder, L.M. Tan, L.J. Chin … (2007)

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Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins.

M H M Speijers, G Speijers (2004)

It is known for many years that several food items, derived from plants infected by fungi in the field during growing of the plant or during harvest and storage of the food item, can contain concomitantly different mycotoxins. As these combined mycotoxins occur simultaneously in the food item, consumption of the food will lead to a combined intake depending on the absorption rates of the different mycotoxins. Therefore, the question is justified whether such a combined intake of mycotoxins would lead to a possible higher risk for adverse health effects than the intake of one of these mycotoxins alone. It will be dealt with on the basis of some practical cases of such combined intake of mycotoxins of which research data are available. This is the case for citrinin and ochratoxin A, but as the workshop focuses on trichotecenes and so this paper concentrates on these. When the mycotoxins are of similar structure and of the same species, or of the same families, it is likely to expect that the mode of action of the mycotoxins and or the toxicity profiles will be quite similar. This indicates that such related mycotoxins are likely to exert only additive effects, which is important to know. In terms of risk assessment, these mycotoxins could be dealt with by establishing a group daily tolerable intake (TDI) or a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). In terms of risk assessment those mycotoxins which interact in synergistic manner are of more concern. It is concluded that, at present tools are not fully developed to establish the type of interaction or whether there is any interaction at all.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Li Wu: 75543253@qq.com

Jianjun Li: jianjunli@isa.ac.cn

Yunhu Li: 86512368@qq.com

Tiejun Li: litj@isa.ac.cn

Qinghua He: 2395417052@qq.com

Yulong Tang: 1005363575@qq.com

Hongnan Liu: lhnneau@gmail.com

Yongteng Su: 1205363575@qq.com

Yulong Yin: +86-731-8461-9703 , yinyulong@isa.ac.cn

Peng Liao:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5740-7272

+86-731-8461-9703 , liaopeng@isa.ac.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Anim Sci Biotechnol

Title: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1674-9782

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-1891

Publication date (Electronic): 22 October 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 22 October 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: 63

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644# Yuandaer Road, Changsha, 410125 China

[2 ]ShenZhen University, Shenzhen, 518061 China

[3 ]NanJing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095 China

[4 ]JiangSu Aomai Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211226 China

[5 ]Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, The Party and Government Office, Donghu Road, Changsha, 410123 China

Author information

Peng Liao http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5740-7272

Article

Publisher ID: 122

DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0122-8

PMC ID: 5075205

PubMed ID: 27790372

SO-VID: 4b12b6d9-80d8-4816-9fff-80047785877c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 13 May 2016

Date accepted : 12 October 2016

Funding

Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award ID: 31402091

Award ID: 31501964

Award Recipient : Yulong Tang Hongnan Liu

Funded by: the National Basic Research Program of China

Award ID: 2013CB127301

Award Recipient : Tiejun Li

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology

Keywords: aflatoxin b1 (afb1),complete feed,deoxynivalenol (don),feed ingredient,zearalenone (zen)

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology

Keywords: aflatoxin b1 (afb1), complete feed, deoxynivalenol (don), feed ingredient, zearalenone (zen)