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      Polyethylene glycol-coated porous magnetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics under magnetic hyperthermia condition

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          Magnetite nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and treatment monitoring: recent advances

          The development of nanoparticles (NPs) for use in all facets of oncological disease detection and therapy has shown great progress over the past two decades. NPs have been tailored for use as contrast enhancement agents for imaging, drug delivery vehicles, and most recently as a therapeutic component in initiating tumor cell death in magnetic and photonic ablation therapies. Of the many possible core constituents of NPs, such as gold, silver, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, manganese oxide, lipids, micelles, etc., iron oxide (or magnetite) based NPs have been extensively investigated due to their excellent superparamagnetic, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties. This review addresses recent applications of magnetite NPs in diagnosis, treatment, and treatment monitoring of cancer. Finally, some views will be discussed concerning the toxicity and clinical translation of iron oxide NPs and the future outlook of NP development to facilitate multiple therapies in a single formulation for cancer theranostics.
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            Self-Assembled Redox Dual-Responsive Prodrug-Nanosystem Formed by Single Thioether-Bridged Paclitaxel-Fatty Acid Conjugate for Cancer Chemotherapy

            Chemotherapeutic efficacy can be greatly improved by developing nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (nano-DDS) with high drug loading capacity and smart stimulus-triggered drug release in tumor cells. Herein, we report a novel redox dual-responsive prodrug-nanosystem self-assembled by hydrophobic small-molecule conjugates of paclitaxel (PTX) and oleic acid (OA). Thioether linked conjugates (PTX-S-OA) and dithioether inserted conjugates (PTX-2S-OA) are designed to respond to the redox-heterogeneity in tumor. Dithioether has been reported to show redox dual-responsiveness, but we find that PTX-S-OA exhibits superior redox sensitivity over PTX-2S-OA, achieving more rapid and selective release of free PTX from the prodrug nanoassemblies triggered by redox stimuli. PEGylated PTX-S-OA nanoassemblies, with impressively high drug loading (57.4%), exhibit potent antitumor activity in a human epidermoid carcinoma xenograft. This novel prodrug-nanosystem addresses concerns related to the low drug loading and inefficient drug release from hydrophobic prodrugs of PTX, and provides possibilities for the development of redox dual-sensitive conjugates or polymers for efficient anticancer drug delivery.
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              Physics of heat generation using magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia

              Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia and thermal ablation have been actively studied experimentally and theoretically. In this review, we provide a summary of the literature describing the properties of nanometer-scale magnetic materials suspended in biocompatible fluids and their interactions with external magnetic fields. Summarised are the properties and mechanisms understood to be responsible for magnetic heating, and the models developed to understand the behaviour of single-domain magnets exposed to alternating magnetic fields. Linear response theory and its assumptions have provided a useful beginning point; however, its limitations are apparent when nanoparticle heating is measured over a wide range of magnetic fields. Well-developed models (e.g. for magnetisation reversal mechanisms and pseudo-single domain formation) available from other fields of research are explored. Some of the methods described include effects of moment relaxation, anisotropy, nanoparticle and moment rotation mechanisms, interactions and collective behaviour, which have been experimentally identified to be important. Here, we will discuss the implicit assumptions underlying these analytical models and their relevance to experiments. Numerical simulations will be discussed as an alternative to these simple analytical models, including their applicability to experimental data. Finally, guidelines for the design of optimal magnetic nanoparticles will be presented.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                International Journal of Hyperthermia
                International Journal of Hyperthermia
                Informa UK Limited
                0265-6736
                1464-5157
                January 01 2019
                November 14 2018
                January 01 2019
                : 36
                : 1
                : 104-114
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia;
                [2 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;
                [3 ] Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
                [4 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
                [5 ] Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
                [6 ] Health and Well-being Research Cluster, Institute of Research Management and Services, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
                [7 ] Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;
                [8 ] Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                Article
                10.1080/02656736.2018.1536809
                30428737
                4b1d1c8d-3600-4dba-b024-72eda7ecc2f5
                © 2019

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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