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      Avicenna and clinical experiences in Canon of Medicine

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          Abstract

          Avicenna used his medical knowledge and experience of scientists from different nations to create a new style in medicine. For this reason, his textbook, Canon of Medicine, has been considered a medical reference in all universities worldwide for centuries. In this article, some valuable and interesting diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine are described in five sections. This research was conducted to review Avicenna’s specific clinical observations and interventions in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the keywords “Avicenna” and “Canon of Medicine”. In this article, we presented several examples of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical experiences mentioned in the Canon of Medicine in 5 areas, including semiology, therapeutic strategy, urology, neurology, obstetrics, and gynecology. Canon of Medicine, as a complete medical series containing the medical experiences from different nations and Iranian medical scientists, has influenced the world’s medical knowledge for several centuries. Some of Avicenna’s clinical and experimental views can be useful from both a historical point of view and new research.

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          Most cited references42

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          Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine.

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            Calorie restriction in humans: An update.

            Calorie restriction (CR), a nutritional intervention of reduced energy intake but with adequate nutrition, has been shown to extend healthspan and lifespan in rodent and primate models. Accumulating data from observational and randomized clinical trials indicate that CR in humans results in some of the same metabolic and molecular adaptations that have been shown to improve health and retard the accumulation of molecular damage in animal models of longevity. In particular, moderate CR in humans ameliorates multiple metabolic and hormonal factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, the leading causes of morbidity, disability and mortality. In this paper, we will discuss the effects of CR in non-obese humans on these physiological parameters. Special emphasis is committed to recent clinical intervention trials that have investigated the feasibility and effects of CR in young and middle-aged men and women on parameters of energy metabolism and metabolic risk factors of age-associated disease in great detail. Additionally, data from individuals who are either naturally exposed to CR or those who are self-practicing this dietary intervention allows us to speculate on longer-term effects of more severe CR in humans.
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              Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment.

              This study was designed to assess physicians' attitudes toward obese patients and the causes and treatment of obesity. A questionnaire assessed attitudes in 2 geographically representative national random samples of 5000 primary care physicians. In one sample (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m(2), and in the other (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI > 40. Six hundred twenty physicians responded. They rated physical inactivity as significantly more important than any other cause of obesity (p < 0.0009). Two other behavioral factors-overeating and a high-fat diet-received the next highest mean ratings. More than 50% of physicians viewed obese patients as awkward, unattractive, ugly, and noncompliant. The treatment of obesity was rated as significantly less effective (p < 0.001) than therapies for 9 of 10 chronic conditions. Most respondents (75%), however, agreed with the consensus recommendations that a 10% reduction in weight is sufficient to improve obesity-related health complications and viewed a 14% weight loss (i.e., 78 +/- 5 kg from an initial weight of 91 kg) as an acceptable treatment outcome. More than one-half (54%) would spend more time working on weight management issues if their time was reimbursed appropriately. Primary care physicians view obesity as largely a behavioral problem and share our broader society's negative stereotypes about the personal attributes of obese persons. Practitioners are realistic about treatment outcomes but view obesity treatment as less effective than treatment of most other chronic conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Med Life
                J Med Life
                JMedLife
                Journal of Medicine and Life
                Carol Davila University Press (Romania )
                1844-122X
                1844-3117
                February 2022
                : 15
                : 2
                : 168-173
                Affiliations
                [1. ]School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2. ]Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3. ]Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [4. ]Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
                [5. ]Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
                [6. ]Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                * Corresponding Author: Farzaneh Ghaffari, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: f_ghaffari@ 123456sbmu.ac.ir ; ghaffariinfo@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5424-4348
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-5186
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-413X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-9695
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9239-768X
                Article
                JMedLife-15-168
                10.25122/jml-2021-0246
                8999087
                35419109
                4b40beb0-acd8-463c-b460-175739370288
                ©2022 JOURNAL of MEDICINE and LIFE

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 30 August 2021
                : 11 January 2022
                Categories
                Review

                Medicine
                avicenna,clinical experiments,canon of medicine
                Medicine
                avicenna, clinical experiments, canon of medicine

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