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      Aparición tardía de síndrome de piernas inquietas como síntoma de abstinencia a la metadona en pacientes oncológicos: reporte de dos casos Translated title: Late onset of restless legs syndrome as a methadone withdrawal symptom in cancer patients: report of two cases

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El síndrome de piernas inquietas es una alteración del sueño frecuente, el cual involucra usualmente un deseo urgente de mover las piernas, asociado con una sensación displacentera y movimientos periódicos de las mismas durante el sueño. La fisiopatología de este síndrome ha sido ampliamente estudiada y aun no es completamente clara, entendiéndose en la actualidad que en el mismo influyen factores de la personalidad, genéticos y ambientales. En el presente escrito describimos 2 casos en los cuales la suspensión del tratamiento con metadona se consideró fuertemente asociada a la presentación de síndrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes sin diagnóstico previo del mismo.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Restless legs syndrome is a frequent sleep disturbance, which usually involves an urgent desire to move the legs, associated with an unpleasant sensation and periodic movements of the legs during sleep. Its pathophysiology has been widely studied and is still not completely clear, and it is currently understood that it is influenced by personality, genetic and environmental factors. In this paper we describe 2 cases in which the suspension of methadone treatment was considered strongly associated with the presentation of restless legs syndrome in patients without previous diagnosis of this syndrome.

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          Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population.

          Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are two sleep disorders characterized by abnormal leg movements and are responsible for deterioration in sleep quality. However, the prevalence of these disorders is not well known in the general population. This study aims to document the prevalence of RLS and PLMD in the general population and to identify factors associated with these conditions. Cross-sectional studies were performed in the UK, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Overall, 18,980 subjects aged 15 to 100 years old representative of the general population of these five European countries underwent telephone interviews with the Sleep-EVAL system. A section of the questionnaire assessed leg symptoms during sleep. The diagnoses of PLMD and RLS were based on the minimal criteria provided by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. The prevalence of PLMD was 3.9% and RLS was 5.5%. RLS and PLMD were higher in women than in men. The prevalence of RLS significantly increased with age. In multivariate models, being a woman, the presence of musculoskeletal disease, heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, cataplexy, doing physical activities close to bedtime and the presence of a mental disorder were significantly associated with both disorders. Factors specific to PLMD were: being a shift or night worker, snoring, daily coffee intake, use of hypnotics and stress. Factors solely associated with RLS were: advanced age, obesity, hypertension, loud snoring, drinking at least three alcoholic beverages per day, smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day and use of SSRI. PLMD and RLS are prevalent in the general population. Both conditions are associated with several physical and mental disorders and may negatively impact sleep. Greater recognition of these sleep disorders is needed.
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            Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome: a synthesis of the literature.

            Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has gained considerable attention in the recent years: nearly 50 community-based studies have been published in the last decade around the world. The development of strict diagnostic criteria in 1995 and their revision in 2003 helped to stimulate research interest on this syndrome. In community-based surveys, RLS has been studied as: 1) a symptom only, 2) a set of symptoms meeting minimal diagnostic criteria of the international restless legs syndrome study group (IRLSSG), 3) meeting minimal criteria accompanied with a specific frequency and/or severity, and 4) a differential diagnosis. In the first case, prevalence estimates in the general adult population ranged from 9.4% to 15%. In the second case, prevalence ranged from 3.9% to 14.3%. When frequency/severity is added, prevalence ranged from 2.2% to 7.9% and when differential diagnosis is applied prevalence estimates are between 1.9% and 4.6%. In all instances, RLS prevalence is higher in women than in men. It also increases with age in European and North American countries but not in Asian countries. Symptoms of anxiety and depression have been consistently associated with RLS. Overall, individuals with RLS have a poorer health than non-RLS but evidence for specific disease associations is mixed. Future epidemiological studies should focus on systematically adding frequency and severity in the definition of the syndrome in order to minimize the inclusion of cases mimicking RLS. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The restless legs syndrome.

              The restless legs syndrome is a common disorder that encompasses an idiopathic form of genetic or unknown origin and symptomatic forms associated with many causes. Symptomatic forms occur during pregnancy and are coincident with uraemia, iron depletion, polyneuropathy, spinal disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. For the hereditary forms, at least three gene loci, located on chromosomes 12, 14, and 9, have been traced so far. Prevalence in the general population is between 3% and 9%, increases with age, and is higher in women than in men. Treatment is needed only in the moderate to severe forms of the disorder and mostly in elderly people. Pathophysiology and treatment may be closely linked to the dopaminergic system and iron metabolism. Dopaminergic treatment with levodopa and dopamine agonists is the first choice in idiopathic restless legs syndrome, but augmentation and rebound should be monitored in long-term treatment. Various other drugs, such as opioids, gabapentin, and benzodiazepines, provide alternative treatment possibilities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                October 2021
                : 28
                : 5
                : 298-300
                Affiliations
                [1] Auna. Medellín orgnameClínica Las Américas orgdiv1Instituto de Cancerología Colombia
                [3] Medellín orgnameHospital General de Medellín Colombia
                [2] Medellín orgnameInstituto Colombiano del Dolor Colombia
                Article
                S1134-80462021000600009 S1134-8046(21)02800500009
                10.20986/resed.2021.3889/2021
                4b4c28e5-fc23-48e7-b038-195b77c7c677

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 January 2021
                : 20 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 3
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Nota Clínica

                Síndrome de piernas inquietas,withdrawal,opioid,sleep disturbances,methadone,Restless legs syndrome,opioides,abstinencia,trastorno del sueño,metadona

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