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      Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Maternal Nutrition in Relation to Infant Birth Size

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          Abstract

          This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake on birth size in the north-east part of Iran. Maternal information including BMI and dietary intake from 453 healthy pregnant women were collected in 2013–2014. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI were obtained from health records and dietary intakes in third trimester were collected by using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which consisted of 160 Iranian foods. Anthropometric measurements of neonates including weight, height, and head circumference were 3.19 ± 0.49 kg, 50.24 ± 2.1 cm, and 34.61 ± 1.5 cm, respectively. A significant difference was found in neonatal birth weight (p < 0.001) and head circumference (p = 0.002) between underweight and obese mothers. Furthermore, maternal intake of fat had a direct correlation with birth size. There was a positive relationship between vitamin A and potassium intake and birth height. The article concludes that normal maternal pre-pregnancy weight and appropriate diet are likely essential for healthy babies.

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          Most cited references35

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          Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease.

          Environmental influences that impair growth and development in early life may be risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. To test this hypothesis, 5654 men born during 1911-30 were traced. They were born in six districts of Hertfordshire, England, and their weights in infancy were recorded. 92.4% were breast fed. Men with the lowest weights at birth and at one year had the highest death rates from ischaemic heart disease. The standardised mortality ratios fell from 111 in men who weighed 18 pounds (8.2 kg) or less at one year to 42 in those who weighed 27 pounds (12.3 kg) or more. Measures that promote prenatal and postnatal growth may reduce deaths from ischaemic heart disease. Promotion of postnatal growth may be especially important in boys who weigh below 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg) at birth.
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            Intake of micronutrient-rich foods in rural Indian mothers is associated with the size of their babies at birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study.

            One third of the Indian babies are of low birth weight (<2.5 kg), and this is attributed to maternal undernutrition. We therefore examined the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth size in a prospective study of 797 rural Indian women, focusing on macronutrient intakes, dietary quality and micronutrient status. Maternal intakes (24-h recall and food frequency questionnaire) and erythrocyte folate, serum ferritin and vitamin C concentrations were measured at 18 +/- 2 and 28 +/- 2 wk gestation. Mothers were short (151.9 +/- 5.1 cm) and underweight (41.7 +/- 5.1 kg) and had low energy and protein intakes at 18 wk (7.4 +/- 2.1 MJ and 45.4 +/- 14.1 g) and 28 wk (7.0 +/- 2.0 MJ and 43.5 +/- 13.5 g) of gestation. Mean birth weight and length of term babies were also low (2665 +/- 358 g and 47.8 +/- 2.0 cm, respectively). Energy and protein intakes were not associated with birth size, but higher fat intake at wk 18 was associated with neonatal length (P < 0.001), birth weight (P < 0.05) and triceps skinfold thickness (P < 0.05) when adjusted for sex, parity and gestation. However, birth size was strongly associated with the consumption of milk at wk 18 (P < 0.05) and of green leafy vegetables (P < 0.001) and fruits (P < 0.01) at wk 28 of gestation even after adjustment for potentially confounding variables. Erythrocyte folate at 28 wk gestation was positively associated with birth weight (P < 0.001). The lack of association between size at birth and maternal energy and protein intake but strong associations with folate status and with intakes of foods rich in micronutrients suggest that micronutrients may be important limiting factors for fetal growth in this undernourished community.
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              Dietary intakes of women during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries.

              To provide a better understanding of dietary intakes of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries. Systematic review was performed to identify relevant studies which reported nutrient intakes or food consumption of pregnant women in developing countries. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were compared by region and the FAO/WHO Estimated Average Requirements. Food consumption was summarized by region. Developing countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean and Central/South America. Pregnant women in the second or third trimester of their pregnancies. From a total of 1499 retrieved articles, sixty-two relevant studies were analysed. The ranges of mean/median intakes of energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate were relatively higher in women residing in the Caribbean and Central/South America than in Africa and Asia. Percentages of energy from carbohydrate and fat varied inversely across studies in all regions, whereas percentage of energy from protein was relatively stable. Among selected micronutrients, folate and Fe intakes were most frequently below the Estimated Average Requirements, followed by Ca and Zn. Usual dietary patterns were heavily cereal based across regions. Imbalanced macronutrients, inadequate micronutrient intakes and predominantly plant-based diets were common features of the diet of pregnant women in developing countries. Cohesive public health efforts involving improving access to nutrient-rich local foods, micronutrient supplementation and fortification are needed to improve the nutrition of pregnant women in developing countries.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Nutr Res
                Clin Nutr Res
                CNR
                Clinical Nutrition Research
                Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition
                2287-3732
                2287-3740
                April 2019
                18 April 2019
                : 8
                : 2
                : 129-137
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
                [2 ]Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [3 ]Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
                [4 ]Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
                [5 ]Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Mohammad Safarian. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Azadi Square, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran. safarianm@ 123456mums.ac.ir
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4598-9361
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-7776
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5861-6129
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0672-6323
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-978X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-140X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-2747
                Article
                10.7762/cnr.2019.8.2.129
                6494748
                31089466
                4b4e7cd9-2a96-45dc-abb5-91968a93b8b9
                Copyright © 2019. The Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 February 2019
                : 20 March 2019
                : 26 March 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

                pregnancy,birth weight,body mass index,diet,neonate
                pregnancy, birth weight, body mass index, diet, neonate

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