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      Enhanced green fluorescent protein-mediated synthesis of biocompatible graphene

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          Abstract

          Background

          Graphene is the 2D form of carbon that exists as a single layer of atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice and has attracted great interest in the last decade in view of its physical, chemical, electrical, elastic, thermal, and biocompatible properties. The objective of this study was to synthesize an environmentally friendly and simple methodology for the preparation of graphene using a recombinant enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP).

          Results

          The successful reduction of GO to graphene was confirmed using UV–vis spectroscopy, and FT-IR. DLS and SEM were employed to demonstrate the particle size and surface morphology of GO and EGFP-rGO. The results from Raman spectroscopy suggest the removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from the surface of GO and formation of graphene with defects. The biocompatibility analysis of GO and EGFP-rGO in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells suggests that GO induces significant concentration-dependent cell toxicity in HEK cells, whereas graphene exerts no adverse effects on HEK cells even at a higher concentration (100 μg/mL).

          Conclusions

          Altogether, our findings suggest that recombinant EGFP can be used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the preparation of biocompatible graphene. The novelty and originality of this work is that it describes a safe, simple, and environmentally friendly method for the production of graphene using recombinant enhanced green fluorescent protein. Furthermore, the synthesized graphene shows excellent biocompatibility with HEK cells; therefore, biologically synthesized graphene can be used for biomedical applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and novel report describing the synthesis of graphene using recombinant EGFP.

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          Most cited references82

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          The green fluorescent protein.

          R Tsien (1998)
          In just three years, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has vaulted from obscurity to become one of the most widely studied and exploited proteins in biochemistry and cell biology. Its amazing ability to generate a highly visible, efficiently emitting internal fluorophore is both intrinsically fascinating and tremendously valuable. High-resolution crystal structures of GFP offer unprecedented opportunities to understand and manipulate the relation between protein structure and spectroscopic function. GFP has become well established as a marker of gene expression and protein targeting in intact cells and organisms. Mutagenesis and engineering of GFP into chimeric proteins are opening new vistas in physiological indicators, biosensors, and photochemical memories.
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            Graphene: the new two-dimensional nanomaterial.

            Every few years, a new material with unique properties emerges and fascinates the scientific community, typical recent examples being high-temperature superconductors and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is the latest sensation with unusual properties, such as half-integer quantum Hall effect and ballistic electron transport. This two-dimensional material which is the parent of all graphitic carbon forms is strictly expected to comprise a single layer, but there is considerable interest in investigating two-layer and few-layer graphenes as well. Synthesis and characterization of graphenes pose challenges, but there has been considerable progress in the last year or so. Herein, we present the status of graphene research which includes aspects related to synthesis, characterization, structure, and properties.
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              Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets.

              Flexible graphene films were prepared by the filtration of water-soluble noncovalently functionalized graphene sheets with pyrenebutyrate. The work presented here will not only open a new way for preparing water-soluble graphene dispersions but also provide a general route for fabricating conducting films based on graphene.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                gsangiliyandi@yahoo.com
                woong1211@naver.com
                np-gennao@hanmail.net
                sunkdn@konkuk.ac.kr
                parkjk@korea.go.kr
                jhkim541@konkuk.ac.kr
                Journal
                J Nanobiotechnology
                J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-3155
                3 October 2014
                3 October 2014
                2014
                : 12
                : 1
                : 41
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
                [ ]GS Institute of Bio and Nanotechnology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641024 India
                [ ]Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Suwon, 441-350 Korea
                Article
                41
                10.1186/s12951-014-0041-9
                4193993
                25273520
                4b7943ff-a397-477f-9a5d-be82fe296313
                © Gurunathan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 7 August 2014
                : 26 September 2014
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Biotechnology
                enhanced green fluorescent protein,graphene oxide,graphene,human embryonic kidney 293 cells,cell viability,membrane leakage,oxidative stress

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