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      Abordaje multiprofesional del paciente con úlcera de pie diabético y presencia de osteomielitis. Casos clínicos Translated title: Multidisciplinary approach of the patient with diabetic foot ulcer and presence of osteomyelitis. Clinical cases

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La osteomielitis del pie diabético puede presentar al clínico grandes desafíos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. La infección en pacientes con úlceras de pie diabético ocasiona una gran morbimortalidad. Las tasas de mortalidad, sobre todo cardiovascular, tras una úlcera y la amputación son muy elevadas, casi un 60% de las personas fallecen en el transcurso de 5 años tras una amputación y casi un 40% en el caso de las úlceras. El objetivo del artículo es describir el procedimiento con el que se aborda la osteomielitis en pacientes con úlceras de pie diabético a través de un equipo multiprofesional. Metodología: A través de dos casos clínicos, se expone el planteamiento quirúrgico y médico para el abordaje de la osteomielitis. Resultados: La resolución tanto de la osteomielitis como de la cicatrización de la úlcera se apoya tanto en la especialización de los profesionales a nivel clínico como en garantizar la continuidad asistencial en los niveles de atención existentes, evitando la variabilidad y garantizando la prestación de los recursos necesarios de manera eficiente. Conclusiones: El abordaje quirúrgico o médico de la osteomielitis precisa de un equipo cualificado que pueda plantear ambas estrategias de atención, consiguiendo la resolución del caso.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot can present the clinician with great diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Infection in patients with diabetic foot ulcers causes great morbidity and mortality. Mortality rates, especially cardiovascular, after an ulcer and amputation are very high, almost 60% of people die within 5 years after amputation and almost 40% in the case of ulcers. The objective of the article is to describe the procedure with which osteomyelitis is approached in patients with diabetic foot ulcers through a multiprofessional team. Methodology: Through two clinical cases, the surgical and medical approach for the osteomyelitis approach is exposed. Results: The resolution of both osteomyelitis and ulcer healing relies both on the specialization of professionals at a clinical level, and on ensuring continuity of care at existing levels of care, avoiding variability and guaranteeing the provision of Necessary resources efficiently. Conclusions: The surgical or medical approach of osteomyelitis requires a qualified team that can propose both strategies of care, obtaining the resolution of the case.

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          2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.

          Foot infections are a common and serious problem in persons with diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration. While all wounds are colonized with microorganisms, the presence of infection is defined by ≥2 classic findings of inflammation or purulence. Infections are then classified into mild (superficial and limited in size and depth), moderate (deeper or more extensive), or severe (accompanied by systemic signs or metabolic perturbations). This classification system, along with a vascular assessment, helps determine which patients should be hospitalized, which may require special imaging procedures or surgical interventions, and which will require amputation. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC), and especially staphylococci, the most common causative organisms. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are frequently copathogens in infections that are chronic or follow antibiotic treatment, and obligate anaerobes may be copathogens in ischemic or necrotic wounds. Wounds without evidence of soft tissue or bone infection do not require antibiotic therapy. For infected wounds, obtain a post-debridement specimen (preferably of tissue) for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Empiric antibiotic therapy can be narrowly targeted at GPC in many acutely infected patients, but those at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms or with chronic, previously treated, or severe infections usually require broader spectrum regimens. Imaging is helpful in most DFIs; plain radiographs may be sufficient, but magnetic resonance imaging is far more sensitive and specific. Osteomyelitis occurs in many diabetic patients with a foot wound and can be difficult to diagnose (optimally defined by bone culture and histology) and treat (often requiring surgical debridement or resection, and/or prolonged antibiotic therapy). Most DFIs require some surgical intervention, ranging from minor (debridement) to major (resection, amputation). Wounds must also be properly dressed and off-loaded of pressure, and patients need regular follow-up. An ischemic foot may require revascularization, and some nonresponding patients may benefit from selected adjunctive measures. Employing multidisciplinary foot teams improves outcomes. Clinicians and healthcare organizations should attempt to monitor, and thereby improve, their outcomes and processes in caring for DFIs.
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            The impact of foot ulceration and amputation on mortality in diabetic patients. I: From ulceration to death, a systematic review

            A great deal of emphasis, clinical and financial, is placed on limb salvage efforts in diabetic patients suffering from lower extremity ulceration. This is because of the impression that amputation in such patients may be a proximal cause of death. While amputation is certainly a negative clinical outcome, it is not entirely clear that it causes death. In this systematic review, we examine the available literature to attempt to understand the role that the ulceration itself may play in mortality. In brief, we searched for human studies in OVID, CINAHL and the COCHRANE CENTRAL DATABASE from 1980 to 2013, looking for articles related to ulcer or wound of the foot, in patients with diabetes or peripheral vascular disease, and death. We looked for articles with 5 years of follow-up, or Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year mortality, and excluded reviews and letters. Articles were assessed for quality and potential bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We find that while the patient populations studied varied widely in terms of demographics and comorbidities, limiting generalisability, 5-year mortality rates after ulceration were around 40%. Risk factors for death commonly identified were increased age, male gender, peripheral vascular disease and renal disease.
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              The 2015 IWGDF guidance documents on prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: development of an evidence-based global consensus.

              Foot problems complicating diabetes are a source of major patient suffering and societal costs. Investing in evidence-based, internationally appropriate diabetic foot care guidance is likely among the most cost-effective forms of healthcare expenditure, provided it is goal-focused and properly implemented. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has been publishing and updating international Practical Guidelines since 1999. The 2015 updates are based on systematic reviews of the literature, and recommendations are formulated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation system. As such, we changed the name from 'Practical Guidelines' to 'Guidance'. In this article we describe the development of the 2015 IWGDF Guidance documents on prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes. This Guidance consists of five documents, prepared by five working groups of international experts. These documents provide guidance related to foot complications in persons with diabetes on: prevention; footwear and offloading; peripheral artery disease; infections; and, wound healing interventions. Based on these five documents, the IWGDF Editorial Board produced a summary guidance for daily practice. The resultant of this process, after reviewed by the Editorial Board and by international IWGDF members of all documents, is an evidence-based global consensus on prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes. Plans are already under way to implement this Guidance. We believe that following the recommendations of the 2015 IWGDF Guidance will almost certainly result in improved management of foot problems in persons with diabetes and a subsequent worldwide reduction in the tragedies caused by these foot problems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y gerontológica (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                2020
                : 31
                : 2
                : 125-128
                Affiliations
                [1] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía orgdiv2Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [3] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía orgdiv2Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [6] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [7] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Traumatología orgdiv2Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [2] Segovia orgnameAtención Primaria España
                [5] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Traumatología orgdiv2Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [8] Segovia orgnameUnidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                [4] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Traumatología orgdiv2Unidad Multiprofesional de Heridas España
                Article
                S1134-928X2020000200012 S1134-928X(20)03100200012
                4b7bd48f-c843-4e7f-a2e0-8bed7ac8570b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 April 2019
                : 20 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Helcos

                Osteomielitis,Nurse,Continuidad de cuidados y úlcera de pie,Osteomyelitis,Pie diabético,Enfermería,Diabetic foot,Continuity of care and foot ulcer

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