Prevalencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones pulmonares traumáticas

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Abstract

Resumen La lesión pulmonar es relativamente infrecuente en el paciente politraumatizado y, posiblemente, subdiagnosticada inicialmente debido a su habitual asociación con otras lesiones aparentemente más graves, en particular tras el traumatismo cerrado. Por ello, es de vital importancia su diagnóstico precoz ya que puede conllevar consecuencias fatales si no se diagnostica a tiempo. Dada su localización anatómica, es habitual que se acompañe de lesiones concomitantes de otros órganos y estructuras vasculares intratorácicas, lo cual, unido a la necesidad ocasional de maniobras quirúrgicas críticas, resulta en altas tasas de morbimortalidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar las características de estas lesiones, incluyendo su incidencia, su mecanismo, y las técnicas diagnósticas y opciones terapéuticas disponibles, tanto quirúrgicas como no quirúrgicas. Además, se analizaron la evolución y el pronóstico de estos pacientes, con base en una revisión bibliográfica de 1965 hasta 2018.

Translated abstract

Abstract In the trauma patient, lung injury is relatively uncommon, possibly underdiagnosed due to its frequent association with other apparently more serious injuries, especially in cases of blunt trauma. Therefore, early diagnosis is of vital importance, as lung injuries can lead to fatal consequences. Due to their anatomical location, it is common for them to be associated with other organ and intrathoracic vascular structures, which together with the occasional need for critical surgical maneuvers, result in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to describe the characteristics of pulmonary injuries including their incidence, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic techniques and available therapeutic options, both surgical and conservative. An analysis of the prognostic factors of these patients based on a review of the literature from 1965 to 2018 is included.

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Most cited references 76

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Appraisal of early evaluation of blunt chest trauma: development of a standardized scoring system for initial clinical decision making.

H Tscherne, D Remmers, H.-C. Pape … (2000)

Current techniques for assessment of chest trauma rely on clinical diagnoses or scoring systems. However, there is no generally accepted standard for early judgement of the severity of these injuries, especially in regards to related complications. This drawback may have a significant impact on the management of skeletal injuries, which are frequently associated with chest trauma. However, no convincing conclusions can be determined until standardization of the degrees of chest trauma is achieved. We investigated the role of early clinical and radiologic assessment techniques on outcome in patients with blunt multiple trauma and thoracic injuries and developed a new scoring system for early evaluation of chest trauma. A retrospective investigation was performed on the basis of 4,571 blunt polytrauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > or = 18) patients admitted to our unit. Inclusion criteria were treatment of thoracic injury that required intensive care therapy, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score greater than 8 points, and no local or systemic infection. Patients with thoracic trauma and multiple associated injuries (ISS > or = 18) were included. In all patients, the association between various parameters of the thoracic injuries and subsequent mortality and morbidity was investigated. A total of 1,495 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients' medical records and chest radiographs were reevaluated between May 1, 1998, and June 1, 1999. The association between rib fractures and chest-related death was low (> three ribs unilateral, mortality 17.3%, odds ratio 1.01) unless bilateral involvement was present (> three ribs bilateral, mortality 40.9%, odds ratio 3.43). Injuries to the lung parenchyma, as determined by plain radiography, were associated with chest-related death, especially if the injuries were bilateral or associated with hemopneumothorax (lung contusion unilateral, mortality 25.2%, odds ratio 1.82; lung contusion bilateral + hemopneumothorax, mortality 53.3%, odds ratio 5.1). When plain anteroposterior chest radiographs were used, the diagnostic rate of rib fractures (< or = three ribs) increased slightly, from 77.1% to 97.3% during the first 24 hours of admission. In contrast, pulmonary contusions were often not diagnosed until 24 hours after admission (47.3% at admission, 92.4% at 24 h, p = 0.002). A new composite scoring system (thoracic trauma severity score) was developed that combines several variables: injuries to the chest wall, intrathoracic lesions, injuries involving the pleura, admission PaO2/FIO2 ratio, and patient age. The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated an adequate discrimination, as demonstrated by a value of 0.924 for the development set and 0.916 for the validation set. The score was also superior to the ISS (0.881) or the thorax Abbreviated Injury Score (0.693). Radiographically determined injuries to the lung parenchyma have a closer association with adverse outcome than chest-wall injuries but are often not diagnosed until 24 hours after injury. Therefore, clinical decision making, such as about the choice of surgery for long bone fractures, may be flawed if this information is used alone. A new thoracic trauma severity score may serve as an additional tool to improve the accuracy of the prediction of thoracic trauma-related complications.

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ARDS after pulmonary contusion: accurate measurement of contusion volume identifies high-risk patients.

Michael R. Miller, Michael Collins, Tiffany K Bee … (2001)

The pathophysiology of pulmonary contusion (PC) is poorly understood, and only minimal advances have been made in management of this entity over the past 20 years. Improvement in understanding of PC has been hindered by the fact that there has been no accurate way to quantitate the amount of pulmonary injury. With this project, we examine a method of accurately measuring degree of PC by quantifying contusion volume relative to pulmonary function and outcome. Patients with PC from isolated chest trauma who had admission chest computed tomographic scan were identified from the registry of a Level I trauma center over a 1.5-year period. Subsequently, prospective data on all patients admitted to the intensive care unit with PC during a 5-month period were collected and added to the retrospective database. Using computer-generated three-dimensional reconstruction from admission chest computed tomographic scan, contusion volume was measured and expressed as a percentage of total lung volume. Admission pulmonary function variables (Pao2/FiO2, static compliance), injury descriptors (chest Abbreviated Injury Score, Injury Severity Score, injury distribution), and indicators of degree of shock (admission systolic blood pressure, admission base deficit) were documented. Outcomes included maximum positive end-expiratory pressure, ventilator days, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Forty-nine patients with PC (35 bilateral) were identified. The average severity of contusion was 18% (range, 5-55%). Patients were classified using contusion volume as severe PC (> or =20%, n = 17) and moderate PC (< 20%, n = 32). Injury Severity Score was similar in the severe and moderate groups (23.3 vs. 26.5, p = 0.33), as were admission Glasgow Coma Scale score (12 vs. 13, p = 0.30), admission blood pressure (131 vs. 129 mm Hg, p = 0.90), and admission Pao2/Fio2 (197 vs. 255, p = 0.14). However, there was a much higher rate of ARDS in the severe group as compared with the moderate group (82% vs. 22%, p < 0.001). There was a trend toward higher pneumonia rate in the severe group, with 50% of patients in the severe group developing pneumonia as compared with 28% in the moderate group (p = 0.20). Extent of contusion volumes measured using three-dimensional reconstruction allows identification of patients at high risk of pulmonary dysfunction as characterized by development of ARDS. This method of measurement may provide a useful tool for the further study of PC as well as for the identification of patients at high risk of complications at whom future advances in therapy may be directed.

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Combat wounds in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2005 to 2009.

Philip J Belmont, Brendan J McCriskin, Ryan N Sieg … (2012)

There have been no large cohort studies examining the wounding patterns and injury mechanisms in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2005 to 2009. This investigation sought to characterize the incidence and epidemiology of combat-related injuries for this period. Using the Joint Theater Trauma Registry, a detailed description of the combat casualty care statistics, distribution of wounds, and injury mechanisms sustained by all US service members for wounds (DRG International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev. codes 800-960) during the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars from 2005 to 2009 was performed. Among the 1,992,232 military service members who were deployed, there were 29,624 distinct combat wounds in 7,877 combat casualties. The mean age of the combat casualty cohort was 26.0 years old. The combat casualties were predominantly male (98·8%), Army (77·5%), and junior enlisted (59·0%). The distribution of combat wounds was as follows: head/neck, 28·1%; thorax, 9·9%; abdomen, 10·1%; and extremities, 51·9%. Explosive injury mechanisms accounted for 74·4% of all combat casualties, which was significantly higher than those caused by gunshot wounds (19·9%) (p < 0.0001). From 2005 to 2007, explosive mechanisms of injury were significantly more common in Iraq than in Afghanistan (p < 0.001). The percentage of explosive mechanisms increased significantly in Afghanistan between the years 2007 (59·5%) and 2008 (73·6%) (p < 0.0003). The wounding patterns observed in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2005 to 2009 differ from previous conflicts. Explosive mechanisms accounted for 74·4% of combat casualties, which is a higher percentage than in previous US conflicts. A progressive increase in the use of explosive mechanisms in Afghanistan, eventually equaling that in Iraq, was observed during the study period.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Patrizio Petrone: Role: ND

Adriana Ruano-Campos: Role: ND

Amir Gendy: Role: ND

Collin E.M. Brathwaite: Role: ND

D’Andrea K. Joseph: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): rcci

Title: Revista Colombiana de Cirugía

Abbreviated Title: rev. colomb. cir.

Publisher: Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )

ISSN (Print): 2011-7582

ISSN (Electronic): 2619-6107

Publication date (Print and electronic): June 2019

Volume: 34

Issue: 2

Pages: 132-143

Affiliations

[4] New York orgnameNYU Winthrop Hospital orgdiv1Department of Surgery USA

[1] New York orgnameNYU Winthrop Hospital orgdiv1Department of Surgery USA

[2] New York orgnameNYU Winthrop Hospital orgdiv1Department of Surgery USA

[3] New York orgnameNYU Winthrop Hospital orgdiv1Department of Surgery USA

Article

Publisher ID: S2011-75822019000200132

DOI: 10.30944/20117582.107

SO-VID: 4b98293f-df8c-4714-beb2-14c3174a2ca3

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

History

Date accepted : 15 November 2018

Date received : 16 October 2018

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 79, Pages: 12

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Prevalencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones pulmonares traumáticas Translated title: Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of traumatic pulmonary injuries

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Abstract

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Most cited references 76

Appraisal of early evaluation of blunt chest trauma: development of a standardized scoring system for initial clinical decision making.

ARDS after pulmonary contusion: accurate measurement of contusion volume identifies high-risk patients.

Combat wounds in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2005 to 2009.

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