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Quantitative analysis of risk sensitivity in honeybees (Apis mellifera) with variability in concentration and amount of reward.
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Abstract
Free-flying honeybees (Apis mellifera) were trained in a series of experiments designed
to look for evidence of risk sensitivity in foraging for sucrose solution. The suitability
of the choice method used was established in 3 preliminary experiments with differences
in concentration, amount, and probability of reward. Of 5 subsequent experiments in
which 2 alternatives provided the same mean concentration of sucrose solution with
different variance, 3 showed risk indifference, and 2 showed risk aversion (preference
for consistent reward). Of 2 final experiments in which the alternatives provided
the same mean amount of sucrose solution with different variance, both showed risk
aversion. Performance could be simulated quantitatively with a simple choice model
developed by P. A. Couvillon and M. E. Bitterman (1991) to account for the results
of a wide range of previous experiments on discriminative learning in honeybees.