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      Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex.

      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
      6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, pharmacology, Animals, Electric Stimulation, Evoked Potentials, Visual, drug effects, physiology, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Feedback, Physiological, Macaca, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Receptors, AMPA, antagonists & inhibitors, metabolism, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Reward, Valine, analogs & derivatives, Visual Cortex

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          Abstract

          Cognitive functions rely on the coordinated activity of neurons in many brain regions, but the interactions between cortical areas are not yet well understood. Here we investigated whether low-frequency (α) and high-frequency (γ) oscillations characterize different directions of information flow in monkey visual cortex. We recorded from all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) and found that γ-waves are initiated in input layer 4 and propagate to the deep and superficial layers of cortex, whereas α-waves propagate in the opposite direction. Simultaneous recordings from V1 and downstream area V4 confirmed that γ- and α-waves propagate in the feedforward and feedback direction, respectively. Microstimulation in V1 elicited γ-oscillations in V4, whereas microstimulation in V4 elicited α-oscillations in V1, thus providing causal evidence for the opposite propagation of these rhythms. Furthermore, blocking NMDA receptors, thought to be involved in feedback processing, suppressed α while boosting γ. These results provide new insights into the relation between brain rhythms and cognition.

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