Praziquantel Resistance in the Zoonotic Cestode Dipylidium caninum

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Abstract

Dipylidium caninum is a cosmopolitan cestode infecting dogs, cats, and humans. Praziquantel is a highly effective cestocidal drug and resistance in adult cestodes has not been reported. From 2016 to 2018, a population of dogs with cestode infections that could not be eliminated despite multiple treatments with praziquantel or epsiprantel was identified. Cases of D. caninum were clinically resistant to praziquantel and could not be resolved despite increasing the dose, frequency, and duration of treatment. Resistant isolates were identified and characterized by sequencing the 28S, 12S, and voltage-gated calcium channel beta subunit genes. Cases were only resolved following treatment with nitroscanate or a compounded pyrantel/praziquantel/oxantel product. Clinicians should be aware of this alarming development as treatment options for cestodes are limited in both human and veterinary medicine.

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Susceptibility or resistance of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: a review.

Wei Wang, Li WANG, You-Sheng Liang (2012)

Since praziquantel was developed in 1970s, it has replaced other antischistosomal drugs to become the only drug of choice for treatment of human schistosomiases, due to high efficacy, excellent tolerability, few and transient side effects, simple administration, and competitive cost. Praziquantel-based chemotherapy has been involved in the global control strategy of the disease and led to the control strategy shifting from disease control to morbidity control, which has greatly reduced the prevalence and intensity of infections. Given that the drug has been widely used for morbidity control in endemic areas for more than three decades, the emergence of resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel under drug selection pressure has been paid much attention. It is possible to induce resistance of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel in mice under laboratorial conditions, and a reduced susceptibility to praziquantel in the field isolates of S. mansoni has been found in many foci. In addition, there are several schistosomiasis cases caused by Schistosoma haematobium infections in which repeated standard treatment fails to clear the infection. However, in the absence of exact mechanisms of action of praziquantel, the mechanisms of drug resistance in schistosomes remain unclear. The present review mainly demonstrates the evidence of drug resistance in the laboratory and field and the mechanism of praziquantel resistance and proposes some strategies for control of praziquantel resistance in schistosomes.

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Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats.

Maureen Gates, Thomas Nolan (2009)

The apparent prevalence of endoparasite infections across different age groups was calculated from 6555 dogs and 1566 cats that had a fecal examination performed upon presentation to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1997 and 2007. Based on notations from the medical history indicating prior parasite infections, estimates of recurrence were generated for each common group of parasites, including Trichuris, Giardia, ascarids, hookworms, Cystoisospora, and tapeworms. Endoparasitism was predominantly a disease of younger animals, with peak prevalence observed almost uniformly in dogs under 6 months old, with the exception of Trichuris with its longer pre-patent period, and in cats less than 18 months old. Furthermore, nearly 50% of dogs under 6 months old with a history of parasites, were diagnosed with at least one species of parasite on subsequent fecal examination. The percentage dropped to 18.4% in animals aged 1-4 years, but again increased to 31.5% in animals over 10 years old. There was no reported recurrence of Giardia or Cystoisospora from canine or feline patients older than 1 year. The recurrence of whipworm rose steadily with age, while hookworm and roundworm recurrence peaked in patients 1-4 years old. Findings from the study emphasize the importance of follow up fecal examinations and treatments in patients diagnosed with endoparasites.

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Molecular mechanisms for anthelmintic resistance in strongyle nematode parasites of veterinary importance.

J Whittaker, S. Carlson, D. E. Jones … (2017)

Veterinarians rely on a relatively limited spectrum of anthelmintic agents to control nematode parasites in domestic animals. Unfortunately, anthelmintic resistance has been an emerging problem in veterinary medicine. In particular, resistance has emerged among the strongyles, a group of gastrointestinal nematodes that infect a variety of hosts that range from large herbivores to small companion animals. Over the last several decades, a great deal of research effort has been directed toward developing an understanding of the mechanisms conferring resistance against the three major groups of anthelmintics: macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles, and nicotinic agonists. Our understanding of anthelmintic resistance has been largely formed by determining the mechanism of action for each drug class and then evaluating drug-resistant nematode isolates for mutations or differences in expression of target genes. More recently, drug efflux pumps have been recognized for their potential contribution to anthelmintic resistance. In this mini-review, we summarize the evidence for mechanisms of resistance in strongyle nematodes.

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Journal

Title: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Publisher: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

ISSN (Print): 0002-9637

ISSN (Electronic): 1476-1645

Publication date Created: November 07 2018

Publication date (Print): November 07 2018

Volume: 99

Issue: 5

Pages: 1201-1205

Affiliations

[1 ] Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia;

[2 ] Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

[3 ] Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa;

Article

DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0533

PMC ID: 6221203

PubMed ID: 30226153

SO-VID: 4c2f6f77-bc61-4d27-820d-91d836cd7d53

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Praziquantel Resistance in the Zoonotic Cestode Dipylidium caninum

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Most cited references 21

Susceptibility or resistance of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: a review.

Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats.

Molecular mechanisms for anthelmintic resistance in strongyle nematode parasites of veterinary importance.

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