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      Screening for dementia with the Vienna Visuo-Constructional Test 3.0 screening (VVT 3.0 screening) Translated title: Demenzscreening mit dem Vienna Visuo-Constructional Test 3.0 Screening (VVT 3.0 Screening)

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          Summary

          Background

          Visuo-constructive functions are an important cognitive domain for the diagnosis and early detection of dementia. Using the Vienna Visuo-Constructional Test 3.0 Screening (VVT 3.0 Screening), we assessed visuo-constructive performance in subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and healthy control (HC) groups to determine whether VVT scores can be used to distinguish the mentioned diagnostic groups and predict disease progression to more advanced stages.

          Methods

          We analyzed the data of 422 patients referred to the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, for assessment of neurocognitive status. We also examined 110 of these patients in a follow-up with regard to stability of performance and disease progression. We compared VVT performance across diagnostic groups and explored associations with relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables. Predictive validity was assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and multinomial logistic regression analyses.

          Results

          We found that most diagnostic groups differed significantly regarding VVT scores. These were shown to reliably identify cases suffering from visuo-constructive impairment but were not sufficient for classification into all diagnostic groups. Progression to more advanced disease stages could not be reliably predicted using VVT scores, possibly because subsamples of progressors were quite small.

          Conclusion

          VVT scores are useful indicators for identifying visuo-constructive impairment but are limited by factors such as similar disease manifestations when used to discriminate between several diagnostic groups. The same factors complicate the use of VVT scores for predicting disease progression to more advanced stages.

          Zusammenfassung

          Grundlagen

          Eine der wichtigen kognitiven Domänen für die Diagnose und Früherkennung von Demenzerkrankungen sind visuokonstruktive Funktionen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die visuokonstruktive Leistung in den diagnostischen Gruppen subjektiver kognitiver Abbau (SCD), leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung (MCI), Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD) und gesunde Kontrollen (HC) mithilfe des Vienna Visuo-Constructional Test 3.0 Screening (VVT 3.0 Screening) erfasst. Ziel war zu beurteilen, ob VVT-Punktwerte verwendet werden können, um diese diagnostischen Gruppen voneinander zu unterscheiden und den Fortschritt der Erkrankungen vorherzusagen.

          Methodik

          Dazu wurden die Daten von 422 Patienten analysiert, die für eine Einschätzung ihres kognitiven Status an die Universitätsklinik für Neurologie der Medizinischen Universität Wien überwiesen wurden. Außerdem wurden 110 dieser Patienten in einer Verlaufskontrolle auf die Stabilität ihrer Leistungen und den Fortschritt ihrer Erkrankung untersucht. Die VVT-Leistungen wurden zwischen den diagnostischen Gruppen verglichen und Assoziationen mit relevanten soziodemografischen und neuropsychologischen Variablen geprüft. Die prädiktive Validität wurde mit Receiver-operating-characteristic(ROC)-Kurven und einer multinomialen logistischen Regressionsanalyse beurteilt.

          Ergebnisse

          Die meisten diagnostischen Gruppen unterschieden sich signifikant hinsichtlich ihrer VVT-Punktwerte. Diese ermöglichten zwar eine zuverlässige Identifikation von Fällen, die an visuokonstruktiver Beeinträchtigung litten, erwiesen sich aber als unzureichend für die Klassifikation in alle vorhandenen diagnostischen Gruppen. Die Krankheitsprogredienz konnte anhand von VVT-Punktwerten nicht zuverlässig vorhergesagt werden, möglicherweise weil die Teilgruppen der Progressoren recht klein waren.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Daraus schließen wir, dass VVT-Punktwerte zwar nützliche Indikatoren für die Identifikation visuokonstruktiver Beeinträchtigungen sind, die Unterscheidung zwischen mehreren diagnostischen Gruppen aber durch Faktoren wie ähnliche Krankheitserscheinungsformen erschwert wird. Die gleichen Faktoren verkomplizieren die Vorhersage der Progression zu weiter fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsstadien.

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          Most cited references8

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          Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented.

          To identify the most accurate cognitive measures in discriminating between individuals with presymptomatic AD and individuals who remained nondemented. During a 10-year prospective community study, 120 nondemented subjects completed a battery of standard cognitive tests and clinically manifested AD 1.5 years later. Performance on each of 16 cognitive tests was compared between these 120 presymptomatic cases and 483 controls who remained nondemented over the 10-year follow-up period. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve for each test was used to measure its accuracy of discrimination between cases and controls. Among the 16 neuropsychological tests, Word List Delayed Recall discriminated best between cases and controls (AUC = 0.806), followed by the Word List 3rd Learning Trial (0.787), Word List 1st Learning Trial (0.774), and Trail-making Test B (0.773), compared to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (0.726). Both Word List Delayed Recall and Word List 3rd Learning Trial were significantly more accurate than the MMSE. The combination of Word List Delayed Recall and Trail-making Test B comprised the optimal set of cognitive measures, with the highest AUC (0.852). Measures of delayed recall and executive functions were the best discriminators between those who would manifest AD 1.5 years later and those who would remain nondemented. These findings are relevant for the early detection of AD and, therefore, for prevention and early intervention trials. Executive dysfunction may be a subtle manifestation of incipient AD, along with memory dysfunction.
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            Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia.

            Early and accurate diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) to allow the appropriate clinical treatment is a priority, given reports of severe neuroleptic sensitivity and a preferential response to cholinesterase inhibitors in these patients. There have been suggestions that constructional apraxia is prevalent in DLB, and may provide a sensitive marker of the disease. This study examined the pentagon drawings of 100 DLB patients, 50 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, 81 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients of whom 36 suffered from dementia (PDD). Performance on this task was correlated with cognitive performance on the MMSE and CAMCOG scales. Patients with DLB were found to draw significantly worse pentagons than those with AD or PD, but not those with PDD. Drawing scores were significantly correlated with MMSE scores for the AD and PDD groups but not those with DLB. More detailed analysis of the neuropsychological correlates of constructional performance for patients with AD and DLB, revealed that those with AD showed a broad cognitive basis to their impairment, in DLB drawing was linked only to perception and praxis. This study has suggests that DLB subjects show an impairment of pentagon copying that is dissociable from more global cognitive impairments, whereas PD patients are relatively unimpaired on pentagon copying and AD and PDD patients show a linkage of their impairment in copying with more global cognitive deficits. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Annual conversion to alzheimer disease among patients with memory complaints attending an outpatient memory clinic: the influence of amnestic mild cognitive impairment and the predictive value of neuropsychological testing.

              The goals of this study were to determine the annual conversion rate to Alzheimer disease (AD) among patients reporting memory problems, including a subgroup with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and to investigate the predictive value of neurocognitive testing for future dementia. A prospective study was carried out in an outpatient memory clinic. One hundred and seven patients underwent a clinical examination and completed a battery of standard cognitive tests at study entry and two years later. The conversion rate to clinically manifested AD two years later was investigated and sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristics (AUC), positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each neuropsychological test were determined. We found an annual rate of conversion to AD of 6.5% among patients reporting memory decline in the setting of our clinic. Specifically, patients with aMCI had an annual conversion rate of approximately 20%. The annual conversion rate for patients reporting memory problems but showing no memory deficit at memory testing was approximately 3%. Receiver operating characteristics (AUC) of the neuropsychological tests ranged from 0.60 to 0.94. Patients with aMCI have 8.6-fold higher odds of developing AD compared with patients without evident memory impairment on neuropsychological testing. Although the risk of developing AD among patients without objective memory decline is small, some patients in this group still convert to AD and therefore close clinical monitoring of patients is necessary.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +43-1-4040031090 , +43-1-4040031410 , johann.lehrner@meduniwien.ac.at
                Journal
                Neuropsychiatr
                Neuropsychiatr
                Neuropsychiatrie
                Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                0948-6259
                9 July 2018
                9 July 2018
                2018
                : 32
                : 4
                : 196-203
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0000 9259 8492, GRID grid.22937.3d, Department of Neurology, , Medical University of Vienna, ; Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1097 Vienna, Austria
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8270-9272
                Article
                279
                10.1007/s40211-018-0279-9
                6290706
                29987508
                4c4aac31-01fd-4d0c-a204-55bec2118ccb
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 10 April 2018
                : 18 June 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Medical University of Vienna
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2018

                visuo-constructive functions,subjective cognitive decline,mild cognitive impairment,alzheimer disease,visuokonstruktive funktionen,subjektiver kognitiver abbau,leichte kognitive beeinträchtigung,alzheimer-krankheit

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