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      Reconstruction of composite facial defects: nasal sidewall and medial cheek. The importance of two flaps technique Translated title: Reconstrucción de defectos faciales complejos: pared lateral nasal y mejilla media. La importancia de los colgajos independientes

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Facial skin defects affecting the nasal sidewall and medial cheek entail a reconstructive challenge for the surgeon. They belong to the central third of the face and thus, they have a direct impact on aesthetics. The difficulty in repairing these defects lies in the need to restore facial symmetry and three-dimensionality. In addition, there is a need to preserve the qualities of the skin of each subunit, since they have a different dermal thickness and different number of sebaceous glands. That is the reason why these defects should not be addressed using a single flap and they require a different reconstructive approach. Although composite central facial defects are common, there is not a unified approach to repair them. The cases presented in this manuscript involves patients who underwent surgical intervention to remove a skin cancer. The extirpation resulted in a cutaneous defect affecting both the nasal sidewall and medial cheek. The surgical technique consisted of harvesting two different flaps, obtaining good cosmetic and functional results, and minimizing donor site morbidity.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Los defectos cutáneos faciales que afectan a la pared lateral nasal y a la mejilla medial suponen un desafío reconstructivo para el cirujano. Pertenecen al tercio central de la cara y, por lo tanto, tienen un impacto directo en la estética. La dificultad para reparar estos defectos radica en la necesidad de restaurar la simetría facial y la tridimensionalidad. Además, es necesario preservar las cualidades de la piel de cada subunidad, ya que tienen un grosor dérmico diferente y una cantidad diferente de glándulas sebáceas. Por este motivo, estos defectos no deben abordarse con un solo colgajo y requieren un enfoque reconstructivo diferente. Aunque los defectos faciales centrales compuestos son comunes, no existe un enfoque unificado para repararlos. Presentamos varios casos clínicos de pacientes que fueron sometidos a extirpación de tumores cutáneos resultando en un defecto que afectaba a ambas subunidades mencionadas. La técnica quirúrgica consistió en reconstruir el defecto con dos colgajos diferentes, obteniendo buenos resultados cosméticos y funcionales y minimizando la morbilidad del sitio donante.

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          Most cited references13

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          The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction.

          The nasal surface is made up of several concave and convex surfaces separated from one another by ridges and valleys. Gonzalez-Ulloa has designated the nose an aesthetic unit of the face. These smaller parts (tip, dorsum, sidewalls, alar lobules, and soft triangles) may be called topographic subunits. When a large part of a subunit has been lost, replacing the entire subunit rather than simply patching the defect often gives a superior result. This subunit approach to nasal reconstruction causes unsatisfactory border scars of flaps to mimic the normal shadowed valleys and lighted ridges of the nasal surface. Furthermore, as trapdoor contraction occurs, the entire reconstructed subunit bulges in a way that simulates the normal contour of a nasal tip, dorsal hump, or alar lobule. Photographs show five patients in whom this principle was followed and one in whom it was not.
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            Nasal reconstruction--beyond aesthetic subunits: a 15-year review of 1334 cases.

            A retrospective analysis was performed on 1334 patients who underwent nasal reconstruction between 1986 and 2001. The senior author performed all reconstructions in this series after Mohs' histographic excisions. Only secondary reconstructions were performed without a preceding Mohs' excision. Methods of reconstruction, number of operations per patient, locations of defects, and complications were recorded. Using preoperative and postoperative photographs, aesthetic results were reviewed. Basal cell carcinoma was the most common lesion, followed by squamous cancer and melanoma. The average age of the patients was 51 years. Cancers most commonly arose on the dorsum, ala, and tip. Of 1334 cases, a 1.9 percent recurrence rate was documented. The average time between surgery and clinical recognition of recurrence was 39 months. All recurrent lesions were reexcised by the Mohs' technique. Eighty-one percent of reconstructions were completed in three or fewer stages. Seventy-five percent of reconstructions were completed in two stages. Primary dermabrasion or primary laserbrasion using carbon dioxide or erbium lasers was used in nearly every case. Early secondary dermabrasion or laserbrasion was used in a few cases where indicated. A 1.2 percent revision rate was noted (16 patients). Thirteen partial flap necroses required revision. Three patients experienced dehiscence at the donor site of paramedian forehead flaps. A preferred philosophy toward nasal reconstruction is described. The goal is to achieve optimal cosmetic and functional results while minimizing stages and resection of healthy tissue. Six core principles are advocated that guide efficient and successful nasal reconstruction: (1) maximal conservation of native tissue is advised; (2) reconstruction of the defect, not the subunit, is advised; (3) complementary ablative procedures, such as primary dermabrasion, enhance the final result and decrease the number of revisionary procedures; (4) primary defatting also decreases the number of revisionary procedures; (5) when possible, the use of axial pattern flaps is preferred; and (6) good contour is the aesthetic endpoint.
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              Aesthetic considerations in nasal reconstruction and the role of modified nasal subunits.

              In 1985, Burget and Menick's landmark article on the nasal subunit principle popularized the technique of reconstructing the specific topographic subunits that they identified as the dorsum, tip, and columella and the paired alae, sidewalls, and soft triangles. In patients with more than 50 percent of subunit loss, Burget and Menick proposed removing the remaining portion of the subunit and reconstructing the entire subunit with a skin graft or flap. They further supported the placement of incisions for local flaps along borders of aesthetic subunits to maximize scar camouflage. Although the concept of nasal subunits is important in planning the reconstruction, other aesthetic considerations, such as skin texture, color, contour, and actinic damage, are also crucial in achieving an optimal result. Often, focusing on these aspects with the goal of nasal symmetry in mind leads to the violation of the subunit principle but provides a pleasing result of both the defect and the donor site. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate when and how the modification of the nasal subunit principle is used to achieve coverage of nasal skin defects. A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent nasal reconstruction after skin cancer ablation surgery by one surgeon at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1987 to 2000 was performed. During this 13-year period, 219 patients underwent 245 nasal reconstructions. Seventy-four patients with 76 reconstructions (31 percent) had procedures that violated the classic nasal subunit principle. Eight of these 74 patients (11 percent) had complications, and eight (11 percent) had 10 revisions performed. The aesthetic and functional results were graded as excellent, good, and fair. The results for the 74 patients who underwent modification of the subunit were excellent in 85 percent, good in 13 percent, and fair in 2 percent. Case reports were selected to illustrate situations in which the nasal subunit was altered.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                March 2021
                : 43
                : 1
                : 44-47
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario La Paz orgdiv1Departament of Maxillofacial Surgery Spain
                Article
                S1130-05582021000100044 S1130-0558(21)04300100044
                10.20986/recom.2020.1137/2020
                4c4fc9b0-3b57-4da0-a60c-02e410455465

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 March 2020
                : 07 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Case Reports

                Facial subunits,aesthetic subunits,Subunidades faciales,two flaps,dos colgajos.,composite facial defect,facial reconstruction,medial cheek,nasal sidewall,reconstrucción facial,mejilla medial,subunidades etéticas,pared lateral nasal,defecto facial compuesto

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